BackgroundNewcastle Disease Virus (NDV) causes a serious infectious disease in birds that results in severe losses in the worldwide poultry industry. Despite vaccination, NDV outbreaks have increased the necessity of alternative prevention and control measures. Several recent studies focused on antiviral compounds obtained from natural resources. Many extracts from marine organisms have been isolated and tested for pharmacological purposes, and their antiviral activity has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide present in the cell wall matrix of brown algae that has been demonstrated to inhibit certain enveloped viruses with low toxicity. This study evaluated the potential antiviral activity and the mechanism of action of fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus against NDV in the Vero cell line.MethodsThe cytotoxicity of fucoidan was determined by the MTT assay. To study its antiviral activity, fusion and plaque-forming unit (PFU) inhibition assays were conducted. The mechanism of action was determined by time of addition, fusion inhibition, and penetration assays. The NDV vaccine strain (La Sota) was used in the fusion inhibition assays. PFU and Western blot experiments were performed using a wild-type lentogenic NDV strain.ResultsFucoidan exhibited antiviral activity against NDV La Sota, with an obtained IS50 >2000. In time of addition studies, we observed viral inhibition in the early stages of infection (0–60 min post-infection). The inhibition of viral penetration experiments with a wild-type NDV strain supported this result, as these experiments demonstrated a 48% decrease in viral infection as well as reduced HN protein expression. Ribavirin, which was used as an antiviral control, exhibited lower antiviral activity than fucoidan and high toxicity at active doses. In the fusion assays, the number of syncytia was significantly reduced (70% inhibition) when fucoidan was added before cleavage of the fusion protein, perhaps indicating a specific interaction between fucoidan and the F0 protein.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that fucoidan from C. okamuranus represents a potential low-toxicity antiviral compound for the poultry industry, and our findings provide a better understanding of the mode of action of sulfated polysaccharides.

Two experimental feeding trials were conducted during four weeks to evaluate the use of Ulva lactuca in shrimp culture: (1) for wastewater bioremediation, and (2) using different inclusion levels of U. lactuca meal in shrimp feed. In feeding trial 1, shrimp reared under seaweed U. lactuca water exchange in a re-circulation system (SWE) resulted in similar growth and feed utilization as shrimp reared with clean water exchange (CWE). Shrimp under no water exchange (NWE) resulted in significant lower growth and higher feed conversion rate (FCR) compared to the other treatments (p < 0.05). Nitrogen compounds and phosphate in water from SWE and CWE treatments did not present significant differences during the experimental trial (p > 0.05). In feeding trial 2, U. lactuca biomass produced by wastewater bioremediation in SWE treatment were dried and ground to formulate diets containing 0, 1, 2, and 3% U. lactuca meal (0UL, 1UL, 2UL, and 3UL). Shrimp fed the 3 UL diet resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) improvement of growth and FCR, and enhanced whole shrimp lipid and carotenoid content by 30 and 60%, respectively, compared to control diet. Seaweed U. lactuca is suggested as a desirable species for wastewater bioremediation in integrated aquaculture systems, and its meal as a good feed additive for farmed shrimp.

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Feed restriction in fish and crustaceans is gaining interest due to its unusual acceleration of growth after a feed deprivation period. This phenomenon, known as compensatory growth, allows deprived organisms to reach the weight of never‐stressed counterpart organisms. Since feed is the major economic and ecological burden of fish and crustaceans farming, succeeding to reduce its quantity without loss of production may enhance a sustainable aquaculture development. A wide variety of restriction/feeding protocols, involving differences in nature, duration and intensity, have been tested on aquatic organisms. However, not all of them lead to optimal compensatory growth. Furthermore, before extending this practice to industrial setting, it is essential to assess physiological costs associated with both food restriction and compensatory growth. Indeed, although fish and crustaceans appear to be tolerant to dietary restriction, it involves metabolic, digestive, oxidative and immune changes. Nevertheless, return to basal values is not always achieved through refeeding. Compensatory growth has been observed and described in many taxa; however, physiological mechanisms during this process are poorly understood. On the other hand, the acceleration of growth itself appears to generate physiological consequences in organisms, particularly through the generation of oxidative stress. This review provides an overview of the fitness consequences associated with dietary restriction and the subsequent enigmatic compensatory growth in fish and crustaceans.

The brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus californiensis and the seaweed Ulva clathrata, both native to north-west Mexico, were co-cultured in lined ponds during 18 weeks. The aim of this study was

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