The results of two–year (2018–2019) studies on the effect of various seeding rates and nutritional backgrounds on the yield and grain quality of two types of spring wheat – soft wheat and emmer wheat (spelt) – are considered. The agrochemical characteristic of the gray forest soil of the experimental plot is as follows: the humus content in the layer of 0–20 cm was 2.9–3.4 % (Tyurin method), mobile phosphorus amount was 176–241 mg, exchange potassium amount was 77–109 mg/kg of soil (Kirsanov method). The degree of saturation with bases was 85.2–87.7 %, the pH of the salt extract was 5.6–5.8. Agrometeorological conditions of 2018–2019, on the whole, met the requirements for early spring crop seeding, HTC (hydrothermal coefficient) was 0.85–1.2. Two levels of mineral nutrition were studied in the experiment (natural background, without fertilizing, NRK for the planned grain yield of 3 t/ha), four seeding rates against each nutrition background: 4, 5, 6 and 7 million germinating seeds per 1 ha. The seedling completeness in both types of wheat over an average of 2 years depended on the seeding rate, regardless of the background of nutrition. In soft wheat of Ulyanovskaya 105 variety, against a natural background, with an increase in the sowing rate from 4 to 7 million germinating seeds per ha, the seedling completeness decreased and amounted to from 82.5 to 76.3 %, in spelt, it was 84.7–78.6 %. On a fertilized ground it was, respectively, 83.4–78.0 and 84.1–77.6 %. Good preservation of plants in both types of wheat from the number of sown seeds and seedlings was noted when the sowing rate was reduced from 7 to 4 million: without fertilizer 82.6–88.5 % in common wheat and 83.5–90.4 % of spelt. On a fertilized ground it amounted, respectively, to 84.3–90.5 and 86.5–92.3 %. Changes in nutritional background by introducing calculated doses of mineral fertilizers for all options with seeding rates on average for 2018–2019 yielded an increase in soft wheat by 0.94 tons of grain per hectare and by 0.61 tons of spelt. The highest conversion efficiency of fertilizers at a sowing rate of 6 million in common wheat was 8.1 kg of grain per 1 kg of a.a., for spelt at a sowing rate of 4 million the figure was 5.6 kg per 1 kg of a.a.
The article presents the results of two-year experiments (2020-2021) conducted in the conditions of Volga region of the Republic of Tatarstan. The effect of mineral fertilizers on the content of the mass fraction of gluten and protein in wheat grain was studied. The productivity and grain quality of several wheat varieties included in the State Register for the 7th region were compared when using fertilizers at a dose of N10-14P24-26K16-37 and chemical plant protection products. It was found that from the application of fertilizers and the use of the plant protection unit, an increase in grain yield for the studied varieties was obtained from 0.32-0.92 t/ha compared with the control. The field experiment was conducted in LLC Avangard of Buinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. The soil is leached chernozem and has the following agrochemical characteristics: humus content – 7.0-8.5%, mobile forms of phosphorus – 182-255 mg/kg, potassium – 159-193 mg/ kg and salt pH – 5.5-5.8. Agrochemical analyses of soils were performed in Federal State Budgetary Institution “Tatarskiy” by generally accepted methods: GOST 26213-91 (humus content), GOST 26484-85 (pHsol.), GOST 26207-91 (mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium). Meteorological conditions in 2020 were characterized by sufficient soil moisture and a moderate temperature regime during the growing season of spring wheat (GTK-1.28) and had a positive impact on the value of the future harvest. Meteorological indicators for the growing season of the research object in 2021 were extremely unfavorable for the formation of the crop. May and June were acutely arid, GTC-0.27. The precipitation in July (57% of the norm) did not have a significant impact on the formation of the spring wheat crop. From the application of fertilizers and the use of plant protection products, an increase in grain yield for the studied varieties from 0.32 to 0.92 t/ha was obtained compared to the variant without fertilizers and plant protection products. Improving the nutritional conditions of plants by applying mineral fertilizers led to an increase in the protein content of spring wheat grains and the protein content was 0.6 ... 0.8 higher, depending on the varietal characteristics of spring wheat, than on an unfertilized background. Under the conditions of chernozem soils of the Pre-Volga zone of the Republic of Tatarstan, the best results over the years of research were obtained in variants where the application of mineral fertilizers was combined with the use of plant protection products of such spring wheat varieties as Yoldyz, Burlak and Ekada 109. In the same variants, the highest protein content was noted in grain. The use of chemical protection against the background of mineral fertilizers in the varieties Yoldyz, Burlak, Ekada109 contributed to a significant increase in the gross collection of protein per unit area.
The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of the use of fertilizers, plant protection products, increasing yields and applying quality based on the selection of soft wheat varieties. Reserve study in 2020-2021 on chernozem soils of Avangard LLC, Buinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. The agrochemical characteristics of the soil of the experimental plot are as follows: in the presence of 0-20 cm of humus (7.0-8.5%), P2O5 - 182-255 mg/kg, K2O - 159-193 mg/kg and soil acidity (pHsalt) - 5.5-5.8. Chemical analyzes of soils were implemented in the Federal State Budgetary Institution, the Central Agrochemical Service “Tatarsky” for the impact of methods: humus content (GOST 26213-91), pHsol. (GOST 26484-85), R2O5 and K2O (GOST 26207-91). The meteorological conditions during the years of research differed sharply. In 2020, the HTC amounted to 1.18 during the growing season of spring wheat, and in 2021 - 0.37, which had a very negative impact on the formation of the spring wheat crop. In the years of research, such varieties as Yoldyz and Ekada 109 turned out to be the most early-ripening. The duration of the growing season in 2020 was 96-102 days, in 2021 - 86-88 days. On average, over two years, the varieties Ekada 109 turned out to be more responsive to fertilization, yield increase, compared to the natural background - 0.81 t/ha, Arkhat - 0.48 t/ha, Balkysh - 0.46 t/ha and Burlak – 0.45 t/ha. For 2020-2021, in relation to the standard variety, the maximum increase in yield was provided by the varieties Ekada 109 - 0.93 t/ha, Yoldyz - 0.46 and Burlak - 0.44 t/ha against an unfertilized background, and with the introduction of NRK - 1,5; 0.66 and 0.49 t/ha, respectively. Spring wheat grains with a high content of protein and a mass fraction of gluten were formed against the background of the use of fertilizers in such varieties as Ekada 109 - 14.3 -14.8 and 28.0-28.6%, Yoldyz - 14.0 - 14.2 and 26.0-26.3%, Burlak - 14.7-15.0 and 25.7-26.1%. The quality of gluten (according to IDK) in the same varieties on both backgrounds of nutrition, belonged to groups I-II.
The article discusses the investigation’s results to study the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with various reagents in their pure form, as well as in a mixture on the quality of spring wheat seeds of Yoldiz variety, included in the state registry for the 7th region in 2015. Before processing the seeds with various reagents, the species composition was studied, and features of the development of mycosis of spring wheat seeds were proposed ways to protect wheat from the most common diseases. Based on three-year experimental data, the high efficiency of tank mixtures, studied preparations for presowing seed treatment, was established. Field experiments to evaluate the effects of various chemicals were carried out in 2016-2018 on the experimental field of Plant Production Department of Kazan State Agrarian University. The following options were studied: 1) control - without seed treatment; 2) Kinto-Duo disinfectant - 2 liters per 1 ton of seeds; 3) albite - a natural growth stimulator based on polybeta-hydroxyl butyric acid, obtained from microorganisms; 4) ZhUSS-2 - copper-molybdenum containing chelate complex; 5) Tank mixture of the treating agent Kinto Duo + Albit, 30 g/t of seeds; 6) Tank mixture of the protectant Kinto Duo + ZhUSS-2 2 l/t. The flow rate of the working fluid is 10 t/t of seeds. Processing was carried out on a Mobitox super machine.
The article describes the two-year experimental study of the effect of the seeding depth on the development of spring wheat plants, the nature of development of the root system and the stalk, which has an important effect on the yield and grain quality. It was found that on gray forest medium loamy soils of the region, the most effective seeding depth is 4–5 cm.
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