It can be concluded that recurrent pregnancy loss in women at different trimester is associated with endocrine abnormalities where serum leptin and insulin levels increase in a different way compared with normal healthy pregnant women.

Overall, the glucose/leptin ratio can be used in addition to glucose/insulin ratio, Quantitative Insulin-Sensitivity Check Index, and Homeostasis Model Assessment to accurately assess insulin resistance in subjects with hyperglycemia.

Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is diagnosed after 20 weeks of gestation. This multisystem disorder affects 2-7% of pregnant women. Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious complication of pregnancy and one of the main causes of maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in the world. The inadequate placentation process results in a change in anti-angiogenic factors levels, such as placental protein 13 and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1). Objectives: To investigate the correlation between urinary placental protein (placental protein 13) and soluble fms like tyrosine kinase-1(sFLT-1) in preeclamptic women in their third trimester of pregnancy. Methods:  A case-control study was carried out from August 2018 till January   2019. Urine samples were collected from pregnant women at   Al-Elweyia Hospital, Al-Hakeem Hospital, and Al- Imamain alkadhimain Medical City. The patient groups include fifty women with preeclampsia in the third trimester (25 mild and 25 severe). Fifty healthy pregnant women (at their third trimester of pregnancy) were studied as a control group. Results:     The mean urinary placental protein 13 levels were decreased in women with preeclampsia significantly (P? 0.05) (mild and severe) compared with healthy women (43.44± 4.914 pg/ml, 33.34± 1.863 pg/ml, and 51.84 ±2.60 pg/ml ) respectively. Also, urinary SFLT-1 concentrations were decreased non-significantly (P > 0.05)  in women with preeclampsia (mild and severe)  compared with healthy women (5.71±0.414 ng/ml, 5.31± 0.38 ng/ml and 6.01 ± 0.282 ng/ml) respectively.   Conclusion:  Urinary placental protein and soluble fms- like tyrosine kinase-1 levels in the third trimester of pregnancy were significantly correlated with the severity of preeclampsia, and urinary levels of placental protein  13 were found to be decreased significantly in patients with preeclampsia than in healthy pregnant women in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy.

Background: Preeclampsia (PE) affects approximately 3% of all pregnancies, and it is still a major cause of the adverse perinatal outcome.  PE is a multisystem disease characterized by the development of hypertension and proteinuria. Although PE etiology is not fully known, the placenta seems to play a central role in the development of the disease. The inadequate placentation process results in a change in angiogenic factors levels, such as the soluble form of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 1 (sFlt-1) and placental growth factor  (PLGF). Objective: To investigate the correlation between serum placental growth factor  (PLGF  ) with soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1(sFLT-1) in preeclamptic women at their third trimester Methods  A case-control study was carried out from  August 2018 till January   2019. In this study, pregnant women were collected from the   Al-Elweyia, Al-Hakeem, and Al- Imamain alkadhimain medical city. The practical part was conducted at the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Al- Nahrain University, and at the Department of Anatomy/Histology and Embryology, College of Medicine, Al- Nahrain University. The patient group includes 50 preeclamptic women in the third trimester (25 mild and  25 severe ). Fifty healthy pregnant women (at their third trimester of gestation) were selected as control. Patients and control were comparable in age, Serum  PLGF, and  Sflt-1. Results:   Serum PLGF levels were decreased significantly among women who developed PE ( 2.14 ± 0.029   pg/ml, 2.44 ± 0.038 pg/ml vs.  2.68 ± 0.017    pg/ml; P < 0.05) severe PE, Mild PE, and the control group respectively, while, serum sFlt1 levels were increased significantly (P< 0.05) between the groups of  PE, (5.81 ± 0.025 , 5.51 ±0.024, 5.19± 0.017pg/ml ) severe, mild, control, respectively. Conclusion     Serum sFlt-1 and  PLGF can be considered promising biomarkers for the  preeclampsia. sFlt-1 and  PLGF the ROC cut-offs (5.67 ng/ml , 2.09 ng/ml, respectively), the specificity and sensitivity  of serum PLGF is more than that of serum sFlt-1, for the diagnosis  of preeclampsia during the third  trimester of pregnancy.

Background: Chronic kidney disease is an epidemic global health problem that leads to death. To prevent any disease progression and treatment, the diagnosis must be made in the early stage by studying renal damage. Klotho is a protein found in many organs of the human body, but it is mainly abundant in the kidney. This study aimed to evaluate klotho's clinical significance as an additional biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney disease in its early stages.   Methods: One hundred subjects were included in this study to measure their serum and urinary klotho. Forty patients with chronic kidney disease (pre-dialysis)  and sixty normal subjects were enrolled in this study. Serum and urinary klotho were determined using the ELISA technique in addition to other renal function tests. Results : Serum and urinary  alpha klotho  were decreased in CKD patients when it compared with control subjects. A positive correlation was found between serum creatinine and urinary alpha klotho in the patients' group. Conclusion: Serum and Urinary alpha klotho levels were decreased significantly in patients with chronic kidney disease compared with healthy controls.