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Studies in several species of rodents show that arginine vasopressin (AVP) acting through a V 1A receptor facilitates offensive aggression, i.e., the initiation of attacks and bites, whereas serotonin (5-HT) acting through a 5-HT 1B receptor inhibits aggressive responding. One area of the CNS that seems critical for the organization of aggressive behavior is the basolateral hypothalamus, particularly the anterior hypothalamic region. The present studies examine the neuroanatomical and neurochemical interaction between AVP and 5-HT at the level of the anterior hypothalamus (AH) in the control of offensive aggression in Syrian golden hamsters. First, specific V 1A and 5-HT 1B binding sites in the AH are shown by in vitro receptor autoradiography. The binding for each neurotransmitter colocalizes with a dense field of immunoreactive AVP and 5-HT fibers and putative terminals. Putative 5-HT synapses on AVP neurons in the area of the AH are identified by double-staining immunocytochemistry and laser scanning confocal microscopy. These morphological data predispose a functional interaction between AVP and 5-HT at the level of the AH. When tested for offensive aggression in a resident /intruder paradigm, resident hamsters treated with fluoxetine, a selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor, have significantly longer latencies to bite and bite fewer times than vehicle-treated controls. Conversely, AVP microinjections into the AH significantly shorten the latency to bite and increase biting attacks. The action of microinjected AVP to increase offensive aggression is blocked by the pretreatment of hamsters with fluoxetine. These data suggest that 5-HT inhibits fighting, in part, by antagonizing the aggressionpromoting action of the AVP system. Two neurotransmitter systems implicated in the control of aggressive behavior are arginine vasopressin (AVP) and serotonin (5-HT). AVP is a neurochemical signal affecting numerous brain functions (DeWied, 1971;Cooper et al., 1979;Pittman et al., 1982;Fehm-Wolfsdorf et al., 1988;Dantzer and Bluthe, 1992), including aggression (Ferris and Potegal, 1988, Koolhaas et al., 1990Potegal and Ferris, 1990;Winslow et al., 1993; Delville et al., 1996a,b). For example, microinjection of AVP V 1A -receptor antagonist into the anterior hypothalamus (AH) of a hamster causes a dose-dependent inhibition of offensive aggression, i.e., initiated attacks and bites toward a conspecific placed into their home cage (Ferris and Potegal, 1988). Similarly, AVP receptor blockade in the AH significantly reduces aggression between hamsters paired together in a neutral arena .Although AVP facilitates offensive aggression, 5-HT is reported to have the opposite effect and diminishes aggressive behavior (for review, see Olivier and Mos, 1990). For example, rats show an increase in offensive aggression after treatment with neurotoxins that deplete 5-HT levels in the hypothalamus (Vergnes et al., 1988). Conversely, rats treated with eltoprazine, a 5-HT 1 receptor agonist, show a dose-dependent decrease in offensive aggressi...

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The authors studied the prevalence of heavy drinking among students in 21 developed and developing countries using an anonymous survey of 7,846 male and 9,892 female students aged 17 to 30 years. There were wide variations in the prevalence of drinking among countries, and the highest rates of heavy drinking (defined as 5 or more drinks for men and 4 or more drinks for women on at least 1 occasion over the past 2 weeks) were reported in Belgium, Colombia, Ireland, and Poland (men), and Ireland and England (women). Heavy drinking was associated with living away from home, having a wealthier family background, and having well-educated parents. Beliefs about the dangers to health of excessive consumption were negatively related to heavy drinking. Heavy drinking is a concern among students in several countries and is associated with greater affluence. Challenging beliefs concerning health risks is a crucial aspect of prevention in this population.

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