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The aim was to formulate an experimental adhesive (EA) and added nanoparticles (NPs) of beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) to see the impact on pushout bond strength (PBS) and other mechanical properties. Three adhesives were prepared, including EA (control, without β-TCP NPs), 2.5%-β-TCP NPs containing adhesive (2.5%-NPA), and 5% β-TCP NPs containing adhesive (5%-NPA). For the characterization of the NPs, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy was accomplished. For the adhesive's characterization, rheological assessment, and degree of conversion (DC) analysis were performed. PBS of these adhesives against resin fiber post to root dentin, interfacial failure categories, and resin dentin interface analysis were also assessed. The β-TCP NPs were seen as agglomerated asymmetrical particles on SEM. These NPs were composed primarily of calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P). Rheological evaluation of the adhesive's showed a drop in the viscosity of all adhesives at greater angular frequencies. The greatest DC was detected for the EA group (67.54 ± 7.9) followed by 2.5%-NPA group (45.32 ± 5.1), whereas the lowest DC values were seen for the 5%-NPA group (38.97 ± 6.5).Concerning PBS, the 2.5%-NPA revealed the highest values at the coronal (12.81 ± 3.0) and middle (8.50 ± 2.3) sections, whereas, for the apical section, the highest PBS values were seen for the 5%-NPA (4.9 ± 1.6). Most of the failures for all adhesive groups were seen at the adhesive-dentin interface (cohesive type failures) for all root segments (coronal, middle, and apical). The resin-dentin interface analysis verified hybrid layer and resin tag formation for all adhesives, but the presence of dispersed β-TCP NPs was only seen in the two NP-reinforced adhesives. The adding of β-TCP NPs in the adhesive could be beneficial as it could improve its PBS. Suitable rheological properties and dentin interaction were also observed for NP-reinforced adhesives. A reduced DC was seen for both β-TCP NP-containing adhesives as compared to the EA. Research Highlights• Experimental adhesives were reinforced with beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) nanocrystals.

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Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common oral cancers accounting for 96% of all head and neck cancers. Beside the different endogenous and environmental risk factors, epigenetics play an important role in causing OSCC. Epigenetics shed light on the presence of inherited changes in the phenotype of a gene with the absence of an alteration in the DNA sequence. The epigenetic modifications can result in the emersion of cancer, autoimmune diseases, aging and other diseases. Under several circumstances, DNA undergoes methylation. This methylation might be related to normal development or serious diseases like cancer. DNA methylation is a heritable biochemical modification occurs predominantly by transferal of a methyl group to C-5 position of the cytosine ring (CpGs) which may cause epigenetic disturbances. This review aims toward investigating the genetics in literature to help in diagnosing OSCC with new modalities that are less invasive compared to histopathology. Studied genes including ECAD, DAPK, MGMT and P53 has different methylation frequencies in relation to OSCC which may be related to their significant role in early diagnosis and prognosis. Since genetics has a major role in OSCC, we searched most recently reported genes and technologies seeking early detection and treatment of OSCC results in a better prognosis and more conservative treatment.