Background:Fragile fractures are most likely manifestations of fatigue damage that develop under repetitive loading conditions. Numerous microcracks disperse throughout the bone with the tensile and compressive loads. In this study, tensile and compressive load tests are performed on specimens of both the genders within 19 to 83 years of age and the failure strength is estimated.Materials and Methods:Fifty five human femur cortical samples are tested. They are divided into various age groups ranging from 19-83 years. Mechanical tests are performed on an Instron 3366 universal testing machine, according to American Society for Testing and Materials International (ASTM) standards.Results:The results show that stress induced in the bone tissue depends on age and gender. It is observed that both tensile and compression strengths reduces as age advances. Compressive strength is more than tensile strength in both the genders.Conclusion:The compression and tensile strength of human femur cortical bone is estimated for both male and female subjecting in the age group of 19-83 years. The fracture toughness increases till 35 years in male and 30 years in female and reduces there after. Mechanical properties of bone are age and gender dependent.
Osteoporosis is a disease that affects both men and women of all ages but is more commonly seen in women. A measure called Bone Mineral Density (BMD) is often used to raise a warning about the disease. BMD is calculated using a variety of image processing algorithms in both X-ray and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) images. It is a measure of the important T-score, which reflects the degree of osteoporosis. There are many ways to quantify BMD, but DEXA is often regarded as the gold standard. The significance of DEXA images for osteoporosis detection was found in several research. The healthcare system has a serious issue with the lack of osteoporosis education and screening. There is a ton of literature available for diagnosing osteoporosis as well. The numerous methods for detecting osteoporosis will be covered in this review. The problems from the literature analysis, image processing algorithms for detecting osteoporosis, interpretations of the results, and potential recommendations are all included in this work.
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