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Ultrasound assisted in-situ seeding, followed by ordered growth in glycerin offers rapid technique for separation of nuclei induction from crystal growth yielding desirable characteristics for better dispersion and in-vitro deposition when employed as DPI carrier.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the potential use of anionic κ-carrageenan and nonionic hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC, K4) to improve the matrix integrity of directly compressed chitosan tablets containing naproxen sodium, an anionic drug. The influence of buffer pH and drug:polymer ratio on the water uptake, matrix erosion, and drug release were studied. The rapid release of naproxen sodium was seen from matrices containing 100% chitosan due to loss in the matrix cohesiveness; whereas, it was relatively slow for matrices containing optimum concentration of κ-carrageenan. In-situ interaction between oppositely charged moieties resulted in the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes with stoichiometric charge ratios of unity. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) data confirmed the importance of ionic bonds in polyelectrolyte complexation. The ionic interactions between polymers were absent in matrices containing HPMC and the integrity of tablets was improved owing to the presence of viscous gel barrier.The reasons for retarded release of naproxen sodium from the chitosan matrices at different pH include poor aqueous solubility of drug, the formation of a rate-limiting polymer gel barrier along the periphery of matrices, the interaction of naproxen sodium with protonated amino groups of chitosan, and the interaction of ionized amino groups of chitosan with ionized sulfate groups of κ-carrageenan.
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