Students in each level of education are required to have mathematical reasoning ability. Students’ mathematical reasoning abilities were very low. Therefore, this research investigated the application of lesson study for learning community-based collaborative learning-integrated realistic mathematics education to improve the students’ mathematical reasoning ability. The method used was classroom action research and the material was quadratic equation in class IXD of MTsN 5 Jember in odd semester in 2019/2020 academic year. Mathematical reasoning was assessed through essay test. The data were obtained from the results of learning achievement test, conducting the observation, interview and observation of activity results of the teacher and students during the learning through lesson study for learning community-based collaborative learning-integrated realistic mathematics education. The mean result of pre-test on the students’ mathematical reasoning ability was around 42.50. While the mean result of post-test on the students’ mathematical reasoning ability improved as much as 88.13. This means that in the cycle I, the students’ mathematical reasoning improved. This indicated that lesson study for learning community-based collaborative learning-integrated realistic mathematics education improved the students’ mathematical reasoning ability.
Neprilysin (NEP) is an endopeptidase that metabolizes vasoactive peptides such as natriuretic peptides. Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor (ARNI) is an alternative therapy for chronic heart failure (CHF) which is better than angiotensin receptor antagonist therapy alone. This study aimed to identify herbal compounds as in silico NEP inhibitor for adjuvant treatment of CHF. In this study, structure of NEP was obtained from Protein Data Bank (5JMY) and sacubitril as a standard ligand was obtained from PubChem database (9811834). Indonesian herbal compounds were derived from the HerbalDB database that met criteria of Lipinski’s rule. Binding affinity and sites were determined using the AutoDock Vina software. Interaction of herbal compounds and NEP were visualized using the PyMol software. Indonesian herbal compounds with the same binding site at Arg102 dan Arg110 amino acids with sacubitril (-6.73 ± 0.06 Kcal/mol) was NSC9324 (-7.07 ± 0.05 Kcal/mol). From 517 herbal compounds, NSC93241 had similar conformation to the standard ligand. NSC93241 has similar molecular formula and molecular weight to herbal plant (Ruscus aculeatus Linn or Butcher’s broom). NSC93241 potentially becomes an NEP inhibitor in silico for adjuvant treatment of CHF. Further investigation is required for evaluation of the antagonist effect of this compound towards NEP.
Hypertension is a silent killer that becomes the important risk factor for stroke and ischemic heart disease. Oxidative stress which results from high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the endothelial layer, contributes to hypertension pathophysiology. The high activity of NADPH oxidase is the main ROS source. Many medicinal plants have been developed to treat some human diseases. This study aimed to explore virtually Indonesian phytochemicals as a NADPH oxidase inhibitor for hypertension treatment. This bioinformatics study used a molecular docking method with P47-phox protein and apocynin as protein target and standard ligand respectively, which were obtained from Protein Data Bank and ZINC databases with 1NG2 and 0162515 codes. Indonesian phytochemicals were obtained from the HerbalIBD, had molecular structure from the PubChem database, and met the Lipinski’s criteria. The AutoDock Vina version 1.1.2 was used to analyse the binding affinity and sites and the PyMol 1.3 program was for visualization of molecular docking results. Apocynin interacted with P47-phox with -5.5 kcal/mol binding score and binding at Asp221, Arg302, Arg316 residues to prevent NADPH activation. Compared to apocynin, morindone had lower binding score (-7.7 kcal/mol) to bind to P47-phox and had similar binding sites at Arg 302, Arg 316, and Arg 318 residues. In conclusion, morindone potentially becomes a NADPH oxidase inhibitor in silico for hypertension treatment.
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