Previous data reported that soil erosion in Malaysia was directly related to rainfall trends. This phenomenon could affect the overhead transmission towers which are at risk of collapsing due to slope failure. For soil stabilization, chemical grouting such as cement, lime and acrylamides were generally applied to enhance the physical properties of the soil. However, some of the chemical additives used in the grouting suspension may be toxic and hazardous to both humans and the environment. Thus, it is important to look for alternative grouting substances that are safe and sustainable. Recently, a new soil improvement technique based on carbonate precipitation by microbial activities from vegetable waste has been developed as biogrout. This study was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of bio-grout from the vegetable waste in reducing soil loss due to rainfall impact. Soil samples were collected from an eroded slope nearby a transmission line in Perak and molded into 45˚ slope models in a custom-made box. A simple rainfall simulation was performed on the untreated and treated soil samples mixed with bio-grout for 30 days. The results showed that the soil loss of treated samples has been significantly reduced from 34.6 g to 13.5 g. Scanning electron microscopy showed aggregated particles occupying the empty spaces of the treated soils. Evidence of bio-mediated microbial activity was indicated by the presence of microorganisms in the biogrout liquid. The bio-grout from vegetable waste proved to be an effective and eco-friendly new grouting material for soil erosion control.
December 2014 flooding in Kelantan river basin caused severe damage to economic and social infrastructure and dealt a serious blow to Kelantan state economies. Mitigation of flood disaster can be successful only when detailed knowledge is obtained about the vulnerability of the people, buildings, infrastructure and economic activities in a flood risk area. Therefore, to identify a community's flood risk, pre-disaster financial instrument will be introduced as non-structural mitigation measures know as flood insurance rate map. This instrument will be developed based on geospatial technology using satellite images, topographic surveys, cadastral map, type of community building such as residential or commercial and households’ income. Flood hazard maps and flood insurance rate map will provide the flood risk zone and flood insurance rate and premium coverage for the affected community. In additions it helps to determine the type of flood insurance coverage is needed since standard homeowners’ insurance doesn't cover flooding. Flood insurance rate map will provide affordable insurance for property owners, based on the lower the degree of risk state in flood hazard map, the lower the flood insurance premium. These insurance rate map are valuable to communities because it creates safer environments by reducing loss of life and decreasing property damage, allows individuals to minimize post-flood disaster disruptions and to recover quicker.
The rapid growth and urbanization of metropolitan regions has resulted to greenhouse gasses and global warming. The primary anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are coal dioxide, CO2, which is produced by natural operations such as cement manufacturing, deforestation and combustion of fossil fuels. This could have a major, damaging impact on human well-being. Energy requirements are anticipated to raise by a ratio of 1.5 to 3.0 by 2050, leading to an ever-increasing rise in carbon dioxide emissions. As rising carbon emissions have become a growing issue, there is a need to reduce carbon emissions. Many countries in the world are aiming at increasing the use of renewable energies and improving energy efficiency in urban and rural areas while utilizing the economic growth potential of the low-carbon sector. Among renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy, solar energy is one of the oldest, cleanest, and most reliable renewable energy sources. Over the years, numerous methods for estimating solar radiation on a horizontal plane have been developed. In this study, the satellite dataset with the aid of GIS technology was used to generate solar suitability maps for the study area. With the integration of satellite images, spatial datasets, and GIS tools, the best location to set up solar collectors such as photovoltaic and concentrated solar power can be determined.
The determination and identification of slope instability are often rely on data obtained from in-situ soil investigation work where it involves the logistic of machineries and manpower, thus these aspects may increase the cost especially for remote locations. Therefore a method, which is able to identify possible slope instability without frequent ground walkabout survey, is needed. This paper presents the method used in prediction of slope instability using spatial integrated mapping framework which applicable for remote areas such as tropical forest and natural hilly terrain. Spatial data such as geology, topography, land use map, slope angle and elevation were used in regional analysis during desktop study. Through this framework, the occurrence of slope instability was able to be identified and was validate using a confirmatory site- specific analysis.
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