Utilization of eco-font for office printing is one of sustainable, “green” printing concepts, which besides obvious economic benefits, as a result has a certain effect on environmental sustainability as well. The fundamental problem that this practice faces is decreased quality of text printed using eco-fonts comparing to those printed with regular fonts. The aim of this research is eco-font efficiency estimation, i.e. determination of toner usage reduction level of ink jet printed documents typed with this font type, as well as estimation of the extent humans perceive differences between text printed with eco-font and the one printed by its „non-eco“ equivalent. Combining instrumental measuring method and digital image analysis, it was found that this simple principle (eco-font utilization) enables substantial toner usage reduction for an ink jet printing system, while visual test showed that visual experience of text printed using eco-font is sufficient. In addition, awareness of benefits that eco-font utilization brings, change users’ attitude towards eco-font quality.
The surface of textile materials is highly textured, commonly in non-uniform ways. Because of this texture effect, textile surface appears rougher and more porous than other printing substrates, which can cause excessive ink penetration during printing process. Next, washing process is very important factor because it influences ink characteristics on printed samples as well as structural changes of the textile substrate. The aim of this paper is to determine the influences of washing process and different mesh tread count used for printing on print quality. This will be obtained by using spectrophotometric analysis, and GLCM image processing method for print mottle estimation. The results of this research show that increasing number of washing processes leads to higher color differences reproduction color in comparison to printed materials before washing. It also shows that textile surface texture has a great influence on print mottle as well as that number of washing treatment series can generate variations of solid-tone print uniformity.
Abstract:Sludge from cardboard mill is most commonly landfi lled, but it could also be recycled on-site into production or reused in some other way. In this study the use of sludge from cardboard mill as stabilizing agent in the stabilization treatment of cadmium polluted sediment was examined. The effectiveness of treatment and long-term leaching behavior of cadmium was evaluated by determining the cumulative percentage of cadmium leached, diffusion coeffi cients (De) and by applying different leaching tests (semi-dynamic test, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, waste extraction test). In order to simulate the "worst case" leaching conditions, the semi-dynamic leaching test was modifi ed using 0.014 M acetic acid (pH = 3.25) and humic acids solution (20 mg l -1 TOC) as leachants instead of deionized water. A diffusion-based model was used to elucidate the controlling leaching mechanisms. Applied treatment was effective in immobilizing cadmium irrespective of high availability in the untreated sample. The controlling leaching mechanism appeared to be diffusion, which indicates that a slow leaching of cadmium could be expected when the cardboard mill sludge as stabilization agent is applied.
Clothes are exposed to diff erent impacts during usages and maintenance. The more frequent impacts on textile materials are the washing processes and the perspiration eff ects. These mentioned eff ects are the causes of specifi c changes of the textile fi bres and on colour reproduction on printed materials. This paper presents research into the impacts of a series of washing and perspiration eff ects on the colour reproduction studied with a spectrophotometric analysis and the water retention capacities of the prints using the screen-printing technique. The research results indicate that with the increase in the number of washes, major changes occurred in the reproduced colours compared to the colours of the samples that did not undergo the process of washing. It was determined that, besides the series of washings, the perspiration effects also had an impact on the reproduced colour changes. The impacts were also affi rmed of printing and a series of washings on water retention on textile materials.
Microcapsules are used in various fields of application, such as in pharmacy, medicine, agriculture, chemical industry, construction industry, food industry, biotechnology, electronics. Fragranced and PCM (phase change materials) microcapsules also found their use in the printing and the textile industries, where they are applied in the combination with the appropriate ink or varnish on the desired substrate material. Microcapsules are applied either by coating or by different printing techniques, which main advantage is the ability to transfer the microcapsules onto desired areas of the substrate material without or with as little damage as possible, thus allowing the deposited microcapsules to fulfil their basic functionality. The aim of this research was to investigate the morphologic characteristics of the fragranced microcapsules and the coated prints using selected varnish and different fragranced microcapsules concentrations, as well as to determine how variable concentrations of the applied microcapsules in the varnish affect the optical characteristics of the coated prints. Performed SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and spectrodensitometric analyses of the coated prints revealed that both the coating process without microcapsules, as well as the different fragranced microcapsules' concentration in the coated water-based varnish, significantly affected both the morphologic and the optical characteristics of the coated prints.
During exploitation, textile products printed with screen printing technique are quite often exposed to various influences, one of which is a heat treatment-firstly during the production process and later on when ironing. Heat is simultaneously affecting deposited colorants (ink) on the surface of the substrate material, as well as textile fibers in the material structure. As a result, colorimetric characteristics of printed colorants are changed. The research presented in this paper aims to determine the influence of heat treatment on color changes of screen printed textile substrates, observed in CIE L*, a*, b* color space. Macro non-uniformity of the printed cotton textile materials was analyzed as a function of temperature levels applied during thermal treatments and textile material characteristics, as well as mesh counts of screens used in the printing process. The results show that thermal treatment affects the color change of printed samples.
This paper considers the influence of multiple ink jet printed layers and woven fabric thread count on the colour fastness to washing of printed polyester textile products. The goal was to investigate the possibility for optimisation of the number of ink layers and thread count in order to increase print quality and colour fastness to washing. Materials with the same composition and different thread counts were printed ranging from one to five ink layers. The samples were subjected to washing process after which colour fastness was examined according to appropriate standards. The colour fastness was judged subjectively by trained professionals using the standard grey scale, and objectively using spectrophotometric measurements, with calculation of colour differences caused by the washing. Surface changes were observed using SEM analysis. Results indicate that multiple layer printing gives more saturated colour due to better ink coverage, but on the other hand it enhances the ink wash-out effect. The research suggests the possibility of optimising the number of ink layers in relation to thread count number when print quality and colour fastness to washing is the objective.
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