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INTRODUCTIONThe main goal of blood transfusion services (BTS) is to ensure the availability of adequate and safe supply of blood and blood products globally. Voluntary nonremunerated blood donations are recommended to achieve this goal as these are at low risk for transfusion transmitted infections. 1 Donor selection is a stringent process which assesses the suitability of prospective donors. It safeguards the health of both the recipient and the donor. It also ensures the safety of blood and maintain sufficient blood supply by preventing the unnecessary loss of suitable donors. ABSTRACTBackground: To analyze various reasons for blood donor deferral and to study its long term impact on potential prospective blood donors. Methods: A total of 26029, otherwise healthy, prospective blood donors were studied retrospectively over a period of 5 years. WHO blood donor selection criteria and counseling guidelines were used for donor selection. Donor deferral data was evaluated with respect to age, sex and cause of deferral which was further analyzed as temporary or permanent deferral. Results: 1448 (5.56%) blood donors were deferred for various reasons. 1232 (4.89%) of total male donors and 216 (26.83%) of total female blood donors were deferred.1378 (95.16%) donors were deferred on temporary basis and only 70 (4.84 %) donors were permanently deferred. Anemia (42.26%) was observed to be the most common cause of temporary donor deferral while hypertension with cardiac disorder (1.93%) was the most common cause of permanent deferral. All the temporary deferred donors (1378) were called after the period of deferment. Out of total 1378 temporarily deferred donors, only 129 donors returned later for voluntary donation. Conclusions: Establishment of effective measures is needed in regard to consider the effect of donor deferrals on future availability of donor and donor return and to monitor necessity and effectiveness of deferrals and their reasons. As percentage of temporary deferral is higher, they should be efficiently managed, counseled, educated and encouraged for future donation which can compensate the increasing demand of blood donors.

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BACKGROUND:Anemia is one of the most common hematological abnormality diagnosed during pregnancy. In India, anemia is the second most common cause of maternal death. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of anemia in antenatal women and to analyse the risk factors for anemia in pregnancy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 500 pregnant women coming to a tertiary teaching hospital in western Uttar Pradesh, for their rst antenatal visit, over a period of one year. Blood samples were taken in plain vacutainers for serum ferritin estimation and in EDTAvacutainers for red cell indices and peripheral smear examination. RESULTS: Prevalence of anemia was found to be 55.8%. Majority of the women were moderately anemic, normocytic normochromic anemia being the commonest type. Prevalence of anemia was high in second and fourth or more gravida and increased with increase in age of gestation. Serum ferritin levels were found to be decreased in all the trimesters. Prevalence of anemia was more in vegetarian women and in those who were not taking iron and folic acid supplements. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of antenatal anemia is high in India as compared to developed countries. Diet, intake of iron and folic acid, gravidity and age of gestation have signicant role in causation of anemia.

This study aimed to assess the combined use of extraoral vibratory stimulation and extraoral cooling in reducing the pain (subjective and objective) of dental local anesthesia administration in children. PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Ovid SP databases were searched up to July 2021. Article titles were screened and full-text evaluations of the selected articles were performed. Finally, seven studies (391 children, aged 4 – 12 years) were included in this qualitative and quantitative analysis. The pooled data determined the combined effect of extraoral vibration and extraoral cooling as a single measure. Extraoral vibration or cooling alone were not compared. The measured primary and secondary outcomes were pain perception and subjective and objective pain, respectively. When compared with the control, extraoral vibration and cooling resulted in significant differences in the mean combined data for the variables, pain perception, and pain reaction. Children’s subjective pain as measured by pain scores were reduced when extraoral vibration and cooling was used during local anesthesia administration (mean difference -3.52; 95% confidence interval [-5.06 - 1.98]) and objective pain (mean difference -1.46; 95% confidence interval [-2.95 - 0.02] ; mean difference -1.93; 95% confidence interval [-3.72 - 0.14]). Within the confines of this systematic review, there is low-quality evidence to support the use of combined extraoral vibration and cooling for reducing pain (subjective and objective) during intraoral local anesthesia administration in children.

Aim: To evaluate and compare microhardness of residual dentin in primary molars following caries removal with chemomechanical agent (BRIX 3000) and polymer burs (SS white). Materials and Method: Extracted maxillary or mandibular primary molars with proximal carious lesion, were selected with active carious cavities extending in to 2/3rd of dentin. The selected teeth were preserved in phosphate buffer saline solution no longer than 30 days. The selected teeth were separated into two experimental groups: group A- chemomechanical method – Brix3000 and Group B- slow speed polymer bur. After caries excavation the microhardness test was carried out on treated dentin using a Knoop indenter. Results: The results suggest a significant difference between among the groups Brix 3000â showed superior results compared to group B (Polymer burs) i.e., The results showed that the microhardness of the remaining dentine after caries excavation with Brix 3000 was found to be greater than the microhardness of the remaining dentine after caries excavation with Polymer bur. Conclusion: In conclusion of the current study, it can be stated that Brix 3000 may be utilized as a successful agent in minimally invasive caries excavation since Polymer burs showed partial removal of carious dentine.