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Context Thais savignyi Deshayes (Muricidae) is widely distributed in the Red Sea. Its abundance and the history of Muricidae in traditional medicine make it a tempting target for investigation. Objective To investigate the chemical profile and biological activities of T. savignyi tissue extracts. Materials and methods Methanol, ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate extracts from T. savignyi tissue were compared in their antioxidant by total antioxidant capacity, DPPH free radical scavenging, and total phenolic content. In addition, the antimicrobial, and antibiofilm properties (at 250 µg/mL) of the extracts were tested against Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Proteus vulgaris , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Staphylococcus aureus , and Candida albicans . The antioxidant extract with greatest activity was assessed for cytotoxicity (range 0.4–100 µg/mL) against 3 human cancer cell lines (UO-31, A549 and A431), and its chemical composition was investigated using GC-MS. Moreover, docking simulation was performed to predict its constituents’ binding modes/scores to the active sites of thymidylate kinase. Results The ethyl acetate extract ( Ts -EtOAc) showed the highest total antioxidant capacity (551.33 mg AAE/g dry weight), total phenolics (254.46 mg GAE/g dry weight), and DPPH scavenging (IC 50 = 24.0 µg/mL). Ts -EtOAc exhibited strong antibacterial (MIC: 3.9 µg/mL against K. pneumoniae ), antibiofilm (MIC: 7.81 µg/mL against S. aureus ), and antifungal (MIC: 3.9 µg/mL against C. albicans ) activities and considerable cytotoxicity against cancer cells (UO-31: IC 50 = 19.96 ± 0.93, A549: IC 50 = 25.04 ± 1.15 μg/mL). GC-MS identified multiple bioactive metabolites in Ts -EtOAc extract belonging to miscellaneous chemical classes. Molecular docking studies revealed that the constituents of Ts -EtOAc have antibacterial potential. Discussion and conclusions T. savignyi extract has considerable antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Further studies are needed to isolate the active constituents of this snail for comprehensive drug discovery tests.

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The biodiversity of marine mollusks, along with their worldwide availability and ease of harvesting, makes them an enticing subject for scientific research. Mollusks are frequently the target of pharmaceutical scientists who are searching for novel compounds to benefit the population. This study targets the investigation of the antioxidant, antibiofilm, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of different solvent extracts of marine mollusk Trochus erithreus. The chemical constituents of the most promising extract and molecular docking analyses are also investigated. Results showed that ethyl alcohol extract had the highest phenolic content (213.90 ± 4.88 mg GAE/ g extract), total antioxidant activity (545.33 ± 4.02 mg AAE/ g extract), and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (31.32 ± 1.49), while the acetone extract had the highest scavenging effect against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl radical (IC 50 : 53.59 ± 1.71 μg/ml). The acetone extract also displayed pronounced antibacterial activity against Proteus vulgaris with an inhibition ratio of up to 67.93% and it had potent cytotoxic effects against both prostate (IC 50 : 1.666 ± 0.07 μg/ml) and human lung carcinoma cell lines (IC 50 : 12.04 ± 0.55 μg/ml). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry investigation of the acetone extract resulted in the recognition of 45 compounds. Bisabolol oxide A (24.63%), (E)-α-farnesene (7.89%), and tricyclo[8.2.0.0(2,5)] dodeca-3,6,8,11-tetraene (5.41%) were detected as major components. The molecular docking study demonstrated strong binding scores and modes of interactions of several major compounds, inside the active binding sites of bacterial enzymes, thymidylate kinase, DNA gyrase B, and DNA topoisomerase IV/subunit Bs.

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