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Triatoma brasiliensis is considered as one of the most important Chagas disease vectors in the northeastern Brazil. This species presents chromatic variations which led to descriptions of subspecies, synonymized by Lent and Wygodzinsky (1979)

Forty dogs from the periphery of the city of Rio de Janeiro were studied. All dogs where diagnosed as positive for leishmaniasis either parasitologically and/or serologically. Among them, 19 came from areas where only Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) occurs (Realengo, Bangu, Senador Camará). Clinical signs of the disease were seen in 36.8% of the cases, including emaciation - 100%, lymphadenopathy and depilation - 85.7%. The other 21 dogs came from an area (Campo Grande) where both diseases (VL, and American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - ACL) occur. Clinical signs of the disease, mainly cutaneous or mucocutaneous ulcers were seen in 76.2% of the cases. Leishmania parasites were found in 39 cases: 22% in viscera, 42.5% in viscera and normal skin and 35% in cutaneous or mucocutaneous ulcers. All the Leishmania stocks isolated from dogs which came from Realengo, Bangu, Senador Camará (VL area), and from Campo Grande (VL + ACL area) were characterized as L. donovani (except in one case) according to their schizodeme, zymodeme and serodeme. The only stock characterized as L. b. braziliensis, was isolated from the lymph node of a dog from Campo Grande with visceral disease and without skin lesions. Antimony therapy attempted in eight Leishmania donovani positive dogs was unsuccessful.

No município de Paracambi, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, foi realizado um inquérito epidemiológico sobre a leishmaniose tegumentar americana na população canina residente em áreas endêmicas rural e semiurbana. Foram cadastrados 179 cães e 138 (77,1%) foram examinados, segundo seus aspectos clínicos e desenvolvimento de hipersensibilidade tardia ao antígeno Imunoleish® e respostas sorológicas à reação de imunofluorescência indireta e ao ensaio imunoenzimático. Dos 9 (6,5.%) animais portadores de lesões/cicatrizes suspeitas, 66,7% foram causadas por Leishmania sp; 44,4% produziram infecção em hamsters e apresentaram crescimento em meio de cultura, compatíveis com o comportamento de Leishmania do complexo braziliensis. A caracterização molecular (análises isoenzimáticas e do perfil de restrição do KDNA) identificou 2 amostras como similares à Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. A prevalência da infecção canina observada através do teste cutâneo, RIFI e ELISA foi, respectivamente, 10,1%, 16,7% e 27,8%. A presença das formas clínica/subclínica da LTA na população canina associada à infecção humana sugere que o cão pode atuar como possível fonte de infecção, assim como na disseminação da doença.

Introduction: Favorable responses in American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) patients to treatment with 5 mg Sb v /kg/day meglumine antimoniate (MA) has been reported in Rio de Janeiro, but little is known regarding the therapeutic response to low doses in patients from other locations. Methods: A retrospective review of medical records was conducted to compare the therapeutic response to 5 mg Sb v /kg/day MA treatment among 36 patients who acquired ATL in Brazilian states other than Rio de Janeiro (OS group) and 72 patients from Rio de Janeiro (RJ group). Results: One course of 5 mg Sb v /kg/day MA cured 72.8% of 81 cutaneous (CL) and 66.6% of 27 mucosal (ML) leishmaniasis-infected patients: 70% in the CL/RJ group, 81% in the CL/OS group, 50% in the ML/RJ group, and 80% in the ML/OS group. After up to two additional treatment courses at the same dose, 88.9% and 85.2% of the CL and ML patients were cured, respectively. Adverse events were observed in 40% of patients in the CL/RJ group, 57% of the CL/OS group, 58% of the ML/RJ group, and 80% of the ML/OS group. No significant differences were observed in the cure rates or adverse effects between the RJ and OS groups. No patients required permanent discontinuation of treatment due to adverse events. Conclusions: Patients with ATL acquired in both RJ and OS may respond to low-dose MA. While high-dose MA should remain the standard treatment for ATL, low-dose MA might be preferred when toxicity is a primary concern.

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In this study diarrheagenic and uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains were comparatively characterized according to serotype, hemolytic activity, protein polymorphism among housekeeping enzymes, phylogenetic group and urovirulence genes. Intra-serogroup/serotype variations were observed. Hemolytic activity was detected in 100%, 93%, 67% and 39% of UPEC, EAEC, EPEC and ETEC strains, respectively. The alpha-hemolytic phenotype was observed in all pathogenic groups while beta-hemolytic phenotype was less frequent. PCR phylotyping revealed higher prevalence of diarrheagenic E. coli in groups A and D while uropathogenic strains were mainly found in subgroup B2. Amplification assays revealed that 74%, 45% and 22% of UPEC, EAEC and EPEC strains, respectively, carried at least one of the urovirulence sequences. The molecular typing system revealed a pathotype-specific clonal group distribution and showed a closer relationship between the EAEC and UPEC. Additionally, the occurrence of urovirulence traits, especially those related to iron acquisition, was more frequent among EAEC and UPEC than among the other E. coli pathotypes. This observation is of special value considering that the EAEC pathotype constitutes an emerging group of enteropathogens, particularly, in developing countries, and information on their pathogenic and phylogenetic characteristics is still scarce.

Background: Forty-four strains isolated from a cohort of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients who did or did not respond to one course of treatment with meglumine antimoniate were investigated to explore genetic polymorphisms in parasite kinetoplast DNA minicircles. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis strains isolated from responder (R) and non-responder (NR) patients who acquired infection in Rio de Janeiro or in other Brazilian states were studied using low-stringency single-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (LSSP-PCR) to identify genetic polymorphisms. Results: Polymorphisms were observed in parasites recovered from patient lesions. No association was found between a specific genotype and R or NR patients. Phenetic analysis grouped the genotypes into three main clusters, with similarity indices varying from 0.72 to 1.00. Although no specific genotype association was detected, at least one group of L. (V.) braziliensis genotypes that circulates in Rio de Janeiro was discriminated in clusters I and III, showing phenotypes of good and poor responses to treatment, respectively. Cluster I comprised parasite profiles recovered from R patients from Rio de Janeiro and in cluster III, NR samples were prevalent. Cluster II comprised 24 isolates, with 21 from Rio de Janeiro and three from other states, equally distributed between R and NR patients. Additionally, we found that parasites sharing all common genetic characteristics acted differently in response to treatment. Conclusions: These results are of clinical-epidemiological importance since they demonstrate that populations of L. (V.) braziliensis that exhibit high levels of genetic similarity also display different phenotypes associated with meglumine antimoniate responses in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients.