This paper analyses the relationship between national security policymaking and the defence sector. The goal is to understand how a lack of attention to national security policymaking affects the defence sector and vice-versa using Brazil as a case study. Our main argument is that a lack of attention in national security policymaking by civilian elites can weaken political controls over the armed forces, inhibit effective defence reforms that challenge military prerogatives, and, over time, reinforce militarization in national security policymaking, especially in its three main pillars: defence, intelligence, and public safety. We call this process national security neglect. Our case study shows that as internal security challenges grew in complexity, civilian political elites pushed the military to dealing with public safety, border security, and national security policymaking. Civilians also delegated civilian posts to the armed forces in defence, public safety and intelligence, instead of engaging in broader reforms. This led to a vicious cycle of military dependency, deteriorated the already fragile political controls over the armed forces, inhibited defence reforms, and increased the military role in the state and society.
Using clonal phylogenetic methods, it has been demonstrated that O111:H25 atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC) strains belong to distinct clones, suggesting the possibility that their ability to interact with different hosts and abiotic surfaces can vary from one clone to another. Accordingly, the ability of O111:H25 aEPEC strains derived from human, cat and dogs to adhere to epithelial cells has been investigated, along with their ability to interact with macrophages and to form biofilms on polystyrene, a polymer used to make biomedical devices. The results demonstrated that all the strains analyzed were able to adhere to, and to form pedestals on, epithelial cells, mechanisms used by E. coli to become strongly attached to the host. The strains also show a Localized-Adherence-Like (LAL) pattern of adhesion on HEp-2 cells, a behavior associated with acute infantile diarrhea. In addition, the O111:H25 aEPEC strains derived either from human or domestic animals were able to form long filaments, a phenomenon used by some bacteria to avoid phagocytosis. O111:H25 aEPEC strains were also encountered inside vacuoles, a characteristic described for several bacterial strains as a way of protecting themselves against the environment. They were also able to induce TNF-α release via two routes, one dependent on TLR-4 and the other dependent on binding of Type I fimbriae. These O111:H25 strains were also able to form biofilms on polystyrene. In summary the results suggest that, regardless of their source (i.e. linked to human origin or otherwise), O111:H25 aEPEC strains carry the potential to cause human disease.
Este Texto para Discussão aborda o histórico e a dinâmica recente das relações entre Brasil e Venezuela a partir das dimensões político-diplomáticas, econômico-comerciais e de segurança e defesa. O estudo analisa décadas de avanços e retrocessos nos entendimentos bilaterais entre ambos os países, até os mais recentes desdobramentos da crise venezuelana e seus impactos na governança da América do Sul. Nos últimos vinte anos, as relações econômicas entre Brasil e Venezuela foram estruturadas em torno do comércio bilateral bastante superavitário ao Brasil, do financiamento à exportação de bens e serviços de engenharia, dos investimentos em infraestrutura e da parceria energética entre os dois países. Também abordam-se as excepcionalidades dos estados fronteiriços de Roraima e Amazonas nas relações bilaterais, a utilização de instrumentos financeiros de facilitação dos intercâmbios comerciais na região, os impactos geoeconômicos no comércio bilateral em função das sanções econômicas sofridas pela Venezuela, a recente migração de venezuelanos para o Brasil, entre outros temas estratégicos como a cooperação militar entre Brasil e Venezuela, a arquitetura regional de segurança e defesa, o papel central da integração regional nas relações multilaterais e o potencial de cooperação energética.
A nossa sociedade orientada a dados necessita de regras para prevenir o mal uso de informações pessoais, seja por órgãos governamentais ou empresas privadas. Devido a esse problema diversas regulações estão sendo criadas com o objetivo de proteger os dados sensíveis e regulamentar acesso aos mesmos. Dito isso se evidencia uma iminente necessidade de adequação por parte dos agentes que realizam o tratamento desses dados. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a conformidade do sistema de votação brasileiro sob a luz da Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados (LGPD) e os aspectos críticos de segurança que garantem os direitos eleitorais. Ao final são analisados os resultados obtidos através do Teste Público de Segurança criado pelo Tribunal Superior Eleitoral.
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