Background Microneedles (MNs) are the utmost unique, efficient, and minimally invasive inventions in the pharmaceutical field. Over the past decades, many scientists around the globe have reported MNs cautious because of their superb future in distinct areas. Concerning the wise use of MNs herein, we deal in depth with the present applications of MNs in drug delivery. Main text The present review comprises various fabrication materials and methods used for MN synthesis. The article also noted the distinctive advantages of these MNs, which holds huge potential for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The role of MNs in serving as a platform to treat various ailments has been explained accompanied by unusual approaches. The review also inculcates the pharmacokinetics of MNs, which includes permeation, absorption, and bioavailability enhancement. Besides this, the in vitro/in vivo toxicity, biosafety, and marketed product of MNs have been reviewed. We have also discussed the clinical trials and patents on the pharmaceutical applications of MNs in brief. Conclusion To sum up, this article gives insight into the MNs and provides a recent advancement in MNs, which pave the pathway for future pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Graphical abstract Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of MNs
Nanocrystals of the poorly water soluble drugs is a promising strategy. To stabilize the drug nanocrystals, stabilizers are usually used; however, the use of common stabilizers is limited by weak stabilization effect and toxicological concerns for long-term treatment. The present work was aimed to investigate the potential of natural silk protein as novel stabilizer for nanocrystal of hydrochlorothiazide, which was a model drug. The nanocrystals of drug with hydrophobic protein stabilizer were prepared by antisolvent precipitation method. Prepared nanocrystals were evaluated for parameters like particle size, zeta potential, DSC, XRD, %crystallinity, SEM, drug content and in vitro dissolution test. Stabilization efficiency of nanocrystals was assessed by their % crystallinity for 3 months. Optimized batch R2 was shown smaller particle size, highest drug content and drug dissolution. Nanocrystals were shown the extended release due to coat of fibroin around the hydrochlorothiazide. From the % crystallinity study it was found that there was not significant change in the nanocrystals prepared using fibroin. So, it was concluded that the fibroin is good stabilizer for drug nanocrystals.
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