Emerging era of microneedle array for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications: recent advances and toxicological perspectives

Abstract

Background Microneedles (MNs) are the utmost unique, efficient, and minimally invasive inventions in the pharmaceutical field. Over the past decades, many scientists around the globe have reported MNs cautious because of their superb future in distinct areas. Concerning the wise use of MNs herein, we deal in depth with the present applications of MNs in drug delivery. Main text The present review comprises various fabrication materials and methods used for MN synthesis. The article also noted the distinctive advantages of these MNs, which holds huge potential for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The role of MNs in serving as a platform to treat various ailments has been explained accompanied by unusual approaches. The review also inculcates the pharmacokinetics of MNs, which includes permeation, absorption, and bioavailability enhancement. Besides this, the in vitro/in vivo toxicity, biosafety, and marketed product of MNs have been reviewed. We have also discussed the clinical trials and patents on the pharmaceutical applications of MNs in brief. Conclusion To sum up, this article gives insight into the MNs and provides a recent advancement in MNs, which pave the pathway for future pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Graphical abstract Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of MNs

Microneedles in diagnostic, treatment and theranostics: An advancement in minimally-invasive delivery system

“…Previous studies showed the status of diseases (cancer, diabetes, arthritis, etc.) by analyzing blood and tissue using hollow MNs or quantum dots (Dugam et al 2021 ). A research demonstrated that the silicon MN array are sharp enough to penetrate the stratum corneum and are useful for extraction of transdermal fluid (Lee et al 2015 ).…”

Nanomedicines and microneedles: a guide to their analysis and application

“…This may lead to continuous re-application of MNs to achieve the desired dosage. This can bring about its own challenges, in terms of affecting the characteristics (Table 1) 111,112 of the MNs, as well as safety concerns.…”

“…For further discussion of the characteristics, applications and prospects of microneedles, the reader is directed to various reviews on these topics. [110][111][112][113][114] As shown by the current research into DMNs, they have great potential as transdermal drug delivery systems for nanomedicines. However, for their use in the medical eld, there needs to be robust evidence of how to carry out their analysis.…”

Micro-needles as an effective drug delivery system and associated patents in pharmaceutical field: A Review

“…Several procedures are there to deliver bio-actives in 4.0 the specific portion of the body, but among this oral drug delivery system has been widely received because of having an easy mode of administration and better patient compliance [1]. But sometimes, this oral drug administration is unable to cross some specific limitations from our physiological system, and thus the importance of other delivery systems has become into consideration.…”