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BACKGROUND: Bemisia tabaci is one of most notorious pests on various crops worldwide and many populations show high resistance to different types of insecticides. Flupyradifurone is a novel insecticide against sucking pests. B. tabaci resistance to flupyradifurone has been detected in the field, however the mechanism of flupyradifurone resistance has rarely been studied. RESULTS: The flupyradifurone-resistant strain (FLU-SEL) was selected from the susceptible strain of B. tabaci (MED-S) using flupyradifurone for 24 generations. The FLU-SEL strain exhibited 105.56-fold resistance to flupyradifurone, and moderate crossresistance to imidacloprid, but no cross-resistance to other tested neonicotinoids. Synergism tests and metabolic enzyme assays suggested that FLU-SEL resistance can be attributed to enhanced detoxification mediated by glutathione S-transferase (GST) and P450 monooxygenase (P450). Compared with MED-S strain, CYP6CX4 and GSTs2 were significantly overexpressed in FLU-SEL, and silencing CYP6CX4 or GSTs2 increased the mortality of whiteflies to flupyradifurone challenge in FLU-SEL. In addition, silencing CYP6CX4 also increased the mortality of whiteflies exposed to imidacloprid. CONCLUSION: Overexpression of CYP6CX4 and GSTs2 was associated with flupyradifurone resistance, as confirmed by RNA interference. Our findings suggested that metabolic resistance to flupyradifurone might be mediated by P450s and GSTs.

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To systematically study the multiple effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on the stability, interfacial activity, and digestive properties of Pickering emulsions (PEs), various oil-in-water PEs were prepared by NPs based on the self-assembled α-lactalbuminderived peptides with a variety of morphologies, stiffnesses, and sizes. We discovered that PEs stabilized by small-sized and soft nanospheres (NSs) exhibited the highest stability compared with other nanoparticles observed by Turbiscan during storage. Dilational interfacial rheological analysis demonstrated that a highly elastic interfacial film of the NSs had been formed by orderly packing at oil/water interfaces. Meanwhile, the most stable Pickering emulsion stabilized by NSs possessed the lowest lipid digestion rate. The tubular NPs distributed unevenly at the oil−water interfaces therefore showed lower interfacial activity. Harder NPs with lower flexibility showed a lower emulsion stability. Curcumin was loaded in PEs to further study the effect of bioavailability. Moreover, in vivo pharmacokinetic results revealed that Pickering emulsion stabilized by NSs showed the highest curcumin bioavailability, which was 5.37 times higher than unencapsulated curcumin. This study suggested that Pickering emulsion stabilized by NSs with the optimum stability was the most promising delivery system for hydrophobic bioactive ingredients.

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