We compare multifocal intraocular lenses (MFIOLs) to monofocal IOLs for visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity, and adverse events using data from 21 randomized controlled trials with 2951 subjects. There was no statistical difference between uncorrected distance VA and corrected distance VA. Compared with monofocal IOLs, MFIOLs showed a better performance on uncorrected intermediate VA measured at 60 cm and uncorrected near VA; the mean differences were-0.06 (95% confidence interval [

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In order to understand the genetic diversity and structure within and between the genera of Saccharum and Erianthus, 79 accessions from five species (S. officinarum, S. spontaneum, S. robustum, S. barberi, S. sinense), six accessions of E. arundinaceus, and 30 Saccharum spp. hybrids were analyzed using 21 pairs of fluorescence-labeled highly poloymorphic SSR primers and a capillary electrophoresis (CE) detection system. A total of 167 polymorphic SSR alleles were identified by CE with a mean value of polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.92. Genetic diversity parameters among these 115 accessions revealed that Saccharum spp. hybrids were more diverse than those of Saccharum and Erianthus species. Based on the SSR data, the 115 accessions were classified into seven main phylogenetic groups, which corresponded to the Saccharum and Erianthus genera through phylogenetic analysis and principle component analysis (PCA). We propose that seven core SSR primer pairs, namely, SMC31CUQ, SMC336BS, SMC597CS, SMC703BS, SMC24DUQ, mSSCIR3, and mSSCIR43, may have a wide appicability in genotype identification of Saccharum species and Saccharum spp. hybrids. Thus, the information from this study contibites to manage sugarcane genetic resources.

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Potential ecological risk of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) in agricultural black soil in Jilin Province, China was analyzed by the methods of risk assessment based on dose-effect relationships and ecological risk index. Heavy Cd-contamination occurred mainly around the coal mine region. The accumulation area for Pb appeared mostly in the suburbs and roadsides, whereas the higher As content was mainly found in the farmland of suburb and coal mine vicinity. In acute toxicity test, Cd, Pb and As in the soil had adverse effects on both roots and shoots growth in soybean with the greatest toxicity of arsenic and the least toxicity of lead at the same concentration levels. Exposed to Cd, Pb and As, the EC 50 (50% effective concentration) values for the growth of soybean root (shoot) were 212.59 (376.70), 528.53 (828.69) and 194.60 (299.03) mg/kg, respectively. Results of potential ecological risk index showed that soil contamination from Cd in some samples had very high potential ecological risk; Pb contamination for almost all sampling sites had moderate ecological risk; while soil contamination from As had low ecological risk. With the present accumulation rate, concentrations of Cd, Pb and As in agricultural black soil near coal mine would reach the threshold values in 68, 175 and 120 years, respectively.

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