BackgroundRecent studies have documented high variation in epidemiologic transition levels among Indian states with noncommunicable disease epidemic rising swiftly. However, the estimates suffer from non-availability of reliable data for NCDs from sub populations. In order to fill the knowledge gap, the distribution and determinants of NCD risk factors were studied along with awareness, treatment and control of NCDs among the adult population in Haryana, India.MethodsNCD risk factors survey was conducted among 5078 residents, aged 18–69 years during 2016–17. Behavioural risk factors were assessed using STEPS instrument, administered through an android software (mSTEPS). This was followed by physical measurements using standard protocols. Finally, biological risk factors were determined through the analysis of serum and urine samples.ResultsMales were found to be consuming tobacco and alcohol at higher rates of 38.9% (95% CI: 35.3–42.4) and 18.8% (95% CI: 15.8–21.8). One- tenth (11%) (95% CI: 8.6–13.4) of the respondents did not meet the specified WHO recommendations for physical activity for health. Around 35.2% (95%CI: 32.6–37.7) were overweight or obese. Hypertension and diabetes were prevalent at 26.2% (95% CI: 24.6–27.8) and 15.5% (95% CI: 11.0–20.0). 91.3% (95% CI: 89.3–93.3) of the population had higher salt intake than recommended 5gms per day.ConclusionThe documentation of strikingly high and uniform distribution of different NCDs and their risk factors in state warrants urgent need for evidence based interventions and advocacy of policy measures.
Objectives The primary objective of the present study was to compare the prevalence and patterns of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in the home, workplace, public places, and at all three places amongst the non-smoker respondents between the two rounds of Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) in India. The secondary objectives were to assess the differences in various factors associated with SHS exposure among non-smokers. Study design This secondary data analysis incorporated data generated from the previous two rounds of the cross-sectional, nationally representative GATS India, which covered 69,296 and 74,037 individuals aged 15 years and above. Exposure to the SHS at home, workplace, and public places amongst the non-smokers were the primary outcome variables. Standard definitions of the surveys were used. Results The overall weighted prevalence of exposure to SHS amongst the non-smokers inside the home and public places reduced. In contrast, the prevalence in the workplace increased marginally in round II compared to I. The proportion of adults who were exposed to SHS at all three places did not change much in two rounds of surveys. A decrease in the knowledge of the respondents exposed to SHS at home and public places was observed about the harmful effects of smoking in round II. Age, gender, occupation, place, and region of respondents were found to be significant determinants of SHS exposure at all the three places on multinomial logistic regression analysis. Conclusions The study calls for focused interventions in India and stringent implementation of antitobacco legislation, especially in the workplaces for reducing the exposure to SHS amongst
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects the corneal endothelium by altering the function of Sodium Potassium ATPase activity, thus causing functional changes in diabetic corneas. Associated structural changes if any are important to be recognized timely since it has multiple clinical implications. A few studies have studied corneal morphological changes, including endothelial morphology and corneal thickness in diabetic subjects but it is still a topic of research and there are not many Indian studies in literature. Aim: 1) To analyze central corneal thickness (CCT) in subjects with diabetes mellitus and to compare this with age and sex matched healthy controls. 2) To correlate the association between CCT and duration and severity of diabetes. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the diabetic patients of the age group of 18-76 years presenting to the Medicine department of the hospital. Eighty six subjects with Type-II DM and eighty six age matched controls were included in the study and were undertaken for CCT measurement by Ultrasonic pachymeter. Results: CCT significantly increased in diabetes (559.48±31.29) as compared to controls (534.61±34.55). Positive correlation was found between CCT and disease duration ≥ 10 years, HbA1c≥7 gm% and presence of diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion: CCT could assist in early identification of diabetics with higher risk for systemic and ocular complications, thus enabling better control of disease.
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