The morphologic and morphometric features of the lower respiratory system in mole rats were examined. It was seen that the low respiratory system of this species leading a special life under highly hypoxic/hypercapnic conditions underground is structurally similar to other mammals living on land in terms of the parts examined; trachea was formed by 29.5 ± 4 oval-formed cartilaginous tracheals arranged backwards and became gradually more stenotic diameter from cranial to the caudal of the neck. The trachea was separated in two principal bronchus at the fourth thoracal intercostal spatium level. The angle between the two main principal bronchi was 60.5 ± 2.35°. The lung constituted 1.29 ± 0.03% of the body weight and the right lung was heavier than the left lung. Fissura inter-lobaris was deep and separated the lung lobes wholly, and the right lung was separated in four lobes, whereas the left lung was not separated into the lobes. Also, the medial lobe of the left lung was the lightest lobe.

ABSTRACT:In this study, the circulus arteriosus cerebri of the ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) was investigated. Five ground squirrels were used as subjects. Coloured latex was injected from the left ventriculi of the hearts of all the squirrels. When the vertebral arteries of two of the animals were ligatured, it was found that there was no internal carotid artery. After careful dissection, the circulus arteriosus cerebri (the circle of Willis) was investigated. The right and left vertebral arteries gave rise to the caudal cerebellar artery before forming the basilar artery. The basilar artery formed the caudal communicans artery that was the caudal part of the circulus arteriosus cerebri on the pontocrural groove (sulcus pontocruralis). The caudal, medial, rostral cerebellar, the common root formed by the caudal cerebral and choroid arteries, the rostral choroid, the rostral and medial cerebral arteries arose from the vertebral, basilar and caudal communicans arteries and dispersed to the cerebrum and cerebellum from caudal to cranial. The termination and the branches of the rostral cerebral artery in ground squirrels varied. It was observed that the internal carotid artery does not supply the circulus arteriosus cerebri in ground squirrels. Keywords: morphology; circulus arteriosus cerebri; brain; ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus)The rodents (Rodentia) which are the widest order of placental mammals, comprise more than half of all described mammals. The ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus) are representatives of the Sciuridae family that constitutes a group of the order Rodentia (Karol, 1963;Weichert, 1970;Kuru, 1987;Demirsoy, 1992).There have been many investigations on the vascularisation of the arteries which supply blood to the brain. Studies have been carried out in rats (Brown, 1966;Green, 1968), rats and mice (Firbas et al., 1973), mouse (Cook, 1965;Wiland, 1974;Szczurkowski et al., 2007), Guinea pigs (Ocal and Ozer, 1992), Guinea pigs and rabbits (Popesko et al., 1990), rabbits (Brehmer and Beleites, 1988), dogs (Miller et al., 1964), cats (McClure et al., 1973), porcupine (Aydin et al., 2005), Red squirrels (Aydin, 2008), Mongolian gerbils (Klachinka et al., 2008) and mole-rats . According to our knowledge there are no investigations on the circulus arteriosus cerebri of the ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) and this is the first study on this subject in ground squirrels.The purpose of this study was to document arteries that constitute the circulus arteriosus cerebri in the ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus). MATERIAL AND METHODSFive adult ground squirrels, trapped by farmers, were used. After they were anaesthetized with penthathol (6 ml/kg), the cavum thoracis of all animals were opened and a 5 mm diameter, 7 cm long plastic pipe was placed into the left cardiac ventricle. The arterial blood was drained and red coloured latex was injected into the left ventriculi through this pipe. To see whether the internal carotid artery existed, the right and left vertebral arter...

The aim of the present study is to investigate the circulus arteriosus cerebri in mole-rats (Spalax leucodon). Six adult mole-rats were used for this purpose. Coloured latex was injected into the left ventriculus of the hearts of all the animals. After careful dissection, the circulus arteriosus cerebri (the circle of Willis) was investigated. The cerebrum and the cerebellum were supplied by the internal carotid- and the basilar arteries respectively forming the circulus arteriosus cerebri in mole-rats. In the investigated objects, the internal carotid- and the basilar arteries were not united directly and for this reason the circulus arteriosus cerebri was not formed completely in mole-rat. The branches supplying the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum originate from the basilar artery formed by union of the left and right vertebral arteries and the internal ophthalmic, the caudal cerebral, the choroid, the median cerebral, the rostral cerebral arteries originated from the internal carotid artery. After giving off the medial cerebral artery, the right and left rostral cerebral arteries on every two sides divided into the lateral and medial twin branches and by union of the lateral branches the internal ethmoidal artery, and by union of the medial branches, the ramus extending to facies medialis cerebri were formed. The ramus extending to the facies medialis cerebri was anastomosed with the branch of the caudal cerebral artery on the back of the corpus callosum. The last part of the basilar artery gave the two branches running toward the right and left side on the pontocrural groove (sulcus pontocruralis) and every one of these branches ramified into two rami. One of these rami formed into the rostral cerebellar artery and the other one extended to the tectum mesencephali. In conclusion, the arterial circle of the cerebrum and cerebellum was supplied by the internal carotid artery and the basilar artery respectively in mole-rats.

Atıf yapmak için: Özüdoğru Z, İlgün R, Özdemir D. Hasmer koyunu mandibula'sı üzerinde makroanatomik ve morfometrik incelemeler. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2019; 16(3): 218-223.Özet: Çalışma Hasmer koyunu mandibula'sı üzerinde bazı morfometrik değerleri ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada Bahri Dağdaş Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü'nden temin edilen reforme erişkin 8 adet Hasmer koyunu mandibula'sı kullanıldı. Hasmer koyununun mandibula'sı 19 noktadan ölçülmüş ve elde edilen değerler diğer koyun ırklarıyla karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırmada mandibula'nın morfometrik incelemeleri dijital kumpas yardımıyla ölçülerek incelemeye ait veriler aritmetik ortalama ve standart hata ile belirlenmiştir. Hasmer koyununun mandibula uzunluğu 186.30±9.30 mm., mandibula yüksekliği ise 108.68±2.36 mm. olarak ölçülmüştür. Ölçülen bu değerler diğer koyun ırklarıyla bazı farklılıklar gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada ayrıca, klinik açıdan önemli olan nervus mentalis ve n. mandibularis'in içinden geçtiği for. mentale ve for. mandibula'nın topografik olarak yerleri belirlenmiştir. Hasmer koyununda yapılan uzunluk korelasyon analizi bulgularına göre uzunluk U1 ve U3 arasında, uzunluk U1 ve U12 arasında uzunluk U2 ve U5 arasında, uzunluk U3 ve U6 arasında ve uzunluk U5 ve U6 arasında pozitif yönde güçlü korelasyon mevcut iken, uzunluk U7 ve U18 arasında negatif yönde güçlü bir korelasyon olduğu tespit edildi. Bu çalışma Hasmer koyunu ile ilgili yapılacak çalışmalar için kaynak bir araştırma olacağı düşünülmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Hasmer koyunu, mandibula, morfometrik Investigations of Macroanatomical and Morphometric on the Mandible in Hasmer Sheep Summary:The study was carried out to reveal some morphometric values on Hasmer sheep mandible. In this study, reformed eight adult Hasmer mandibles which were obtained from Bahri Dagdas Agricultural Research Institute were used. The mandible of the Hasmer sheep was measured at 19 points and the obtained values were compared with the other sheep breeds. Morphometric analysis of the mandible was measured with digital caliper and the data of the study were determined by arithmetic mean and standard error. The height of the mandible was 108.68±2.36 mm. and the length of the mandible was 186.30±9.30 mm. according to these measurements. These measured values showed some differences with other sheep breeds. In this study, the topographic locations of the mental and mandible foramen through which the clinically important mental and the mandible nerve pass are determined. According to the results of length correlation analysis in Hasmer sheep, there was strong positive correlation between length U1 and U3, length U1 and U12 between length U2 and U5, length U3 and U6, and length U5 and U6, while length U7 and U18 had a strong negative correlation. There was a strong correlation. This study is thought to be a source research for the studies on Hasmer sheep.

ABSTRACT:A study was conducted of the kidneys of adult mole rats (Spalax leucodon) to describe the macro-and mesoscopic morphology of the renal arterial distribution and some additional anatomical features. The kidneys of the mole rat lay alongside the vertebral column in the abdominal region, the right kidney situated more cranial than the left. Covered by a thin connective tissue capsule, the kidney was bean-shaped, smooth, and reddish-brown. The mean live weight of the studied mole rats was 203.6 ± 15.05 g. The mean kidney weight was 0.636 ± 0.048 g. The mean weight of the right kidney (0.641± 0.039 g) was significantly (P < 0.01) heavier than that of the left one (0.630 ± 0.057g). Sixteen three-dimensional endocasts of the renal artery and intrarenal arteries were prepared using standard injection-corrosion techniques and examined. A single renal artery was observed in 100% of the specimens. The renal arteries divided, forming a dorsal and a ventral branch; these bifurcated forming cranial and caudal segmental branches. No anastomoses were observed between any of these branches.

Background: The skull is an important anatomical structure to discern dog breeds and wolves from dogs. For this purpose, skull morphology and some morphometric measurements of Malakli dogs, a local breed in the Aksaray region, were examined. Materials and methods: Thirty-two distances were measured, and seven ratio's calculated, in nine skulls of adult dogs. In our study, different morphological features and statistical findings that were not revealed by taking measurements from thirty-two distinct anatomical points of Aksaray Malakli dog skull bones were determined in accordance with the literature. Results: Processus zygomaticus was found to be long and pointed in the Aksaray Malakli dogs. The morphometric analysis results, facial index value 107.68 ± 4.98,

ABSTRACT:In this study, the aim was to investigate the anatomy of the aortic arch in ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus). Five ground squirrels were investigated. The materials were carefully dissected and the arterial patterns of arteries originating from the aortic arch were examined. The brachiocephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery were separated from the aortic arch. The brachiocephalic trunk first gave the left common carotid artery, and then the right subclavian and common carotid artery detached from it. In all the animals examined, at the cranial thoracic entrance and after leaving from this entrance, similar branches arising from the left and right subclavian arteries were the common branch of the internal thoracic artery and the intercostal suprema artery, separate branches as the vertebral and descending scapular arteries and a common branch of the cervical superficial, the cervical profund, the suprascapular arteries and the spinal ramus. After separation of these branches, the continuation of the artery gave the external thoracic artery on the external face of the thoracic cavity and then formed the axillar artery. The axillary artery separated into the subscapular and the brachial arteries. In conclusion, the pattern of arteries originating from the aortic arch and the branches of these arteries were partially similar to what has been observed in red squirrels, and thus differ from other rodents and domestic mammals.

The histological and histochemical structure of lingual salivary glands in mole rat (Spalax leucodon) were studied using histochemical staining techniques to provide information of its salivary glands. A total of five adult mole rat (Spalax leucodon) were used as the material. It was observed that serous and mucous glands are placed in the root of the tongue. It was detected that although the mucous gland cells were rich in terms of AB pH 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and AF (+) mucosubstance, the PAS and KOH/PAS mucosubstances showed very weak reaction, and this mucosubstances were present at a very less amount in serous gland cells. In the PAS/AB staining, it was found that the serous and mucous gland cells showing only AB or only PAS reaction and also AB AB pH 2.5 (+) cells were found. The same findings were observed in serous glands by AF/AB staining. Consequently, the present study demonstrated characteristic features of the lingual salivary glands of the mole rat, and it revealed histological and histochemical data both in accordance with and different from that for the lingual salivary glands of mammals and other species.