The present study was conducted on the scapula of five adult tigers to record the characteristic features of scapula bone. It was placed on lateral aspect of thorax, directed downward and forward. It was in the form of wide plate having scapular spine on lateral aspect. The height of spine increased gradually towards the distal end. The acromian process was subdivided into hamate process and suprahamate process. Hamate process overhanged the glenoid cavity. The suprahamate process was in the form of thin triangular plate directed backwards. The supraspinous fossa presented undulating surface in its middle. The infraspinous fossa was triangular and more or less flattened. Subscapular fossa was shallow and presented two prominent ridges. The caudal angle of the scapula was terminated in to glenoid cavity which was oval to quadrangular in shape. Cranial and proximal to the glenoid cavity prominent supraglenoid tubercle was observed which had hook shaped coracoid process. Scapula of both the sides were morphologically similar but the morphometrical values for the right scapula were non-significantly higher than the left counterpart (t< 0.05), which may be of some biomechanical importance.

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Aim: The leopard (Panthera pardus) is a widespread species in India. It is protected by the national law as well as by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES, listed in Appendix I). However, illegal trade of leopard's bones continues to threaten its survival in the wild. Literature regarding the ossa coxarum of leopards is very rare. Hence, the present study on gross osteomorphometrical study of the ossa coxarum of 4 adult leopards was performed.Materials and Methods: Gross morphological and morphometric study was carried out on the ossa coxarum of 4 adult leopards. Bones under study were the part of specimen collection of Centre for Wildlife Forensic and Health and also from the protected areas like Kanha tiger Reserve and Van Vihar National Park. Results:consists of two os-coxae bones i.e. left and right. Each os-coxae consists of three large flat bones viz. ilium, ischium, and pubis. In the leopard, the conjugate diameter of pelvis was 7.10 ± 0.10 cm and transverse diameter was 5.27± 0.04 cm. The length of cranial border, caudal border, and dorsal border was 9.10 ± 0.15 cm, 7.35 ± 0.13 cm and 5.15 ± 0.10 cm, respectively. Conclusion:The gross morphological and morphometric parameter is established. This data will be useful to compare anatomical diversities among the same group.

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The sternum of an adult Pariah kite (Milvus migrans) was studied for its gross morphometry. It was procured from Department of Wildlife Health and Management. The sternum of Pariah Kite was in the form of quadrilateral plate with dorsal, concave surface and ventral, convex surface. It formed the thoracic floor and was directed backwards and downwards in an oblique manner. The length and width of sternum were 6.00 cm and 4.20 cm., respectively. Ventral projection, the carina was in the form of thin curved plate, the height of which decreased from before backwards. It was 6.00 cm long, 1.30cm wide and 0.30cm thick (at anterior end). Anterior border was triangular and had an elongated facet on either side for articulation with distal extremity of the coracoids. The caudolateral angles were prominent. At the medial aspect of caudolateral angles a small oval, translucent area covered with a thin membrane was present.

Background: In developing countries goat rearing is the sustainable source of income for marginal farmers. The goat milk contains lower fat per cent (3.5%) as compared to cow (4.1%) and buffalo milk (7.4%), with smaller and homogenous fat globules. It is suitable for the persons with poor digestibility of cow milk and infants having mother milk intolerance. To improve the milk production it is important to understand the mammary gland pattern during the different phases of lactation. The present study aimed at analyzing these changes by histological and histochemical observations. The mammary gland is composed of parenchyma containing acini and stroma including the ductual system. These components change during the lactation cycle. Methods: The present study was conducted on 24 goats, eighteen in lactating stage where as six from nonlactating stage. The mammary glands were collected from local abattoir with known history of stage of lactation and divided into three groups as early lactation (2-4 weeks), mid lactation (5-6 weeks) and late lactation ( greater than 6 weeks). The histological and histochemical studies were performed during the different stages of lactation and in non lactating stage to observe the morphological and morphometrical changes along with the presence and absence of different components. Result: The lobules of the mammary gland were polygonal, triangular, oval or elongated in shape during early lactation stage. Approximately all the alveoli observed in early lactation were filled with variable quantity of eosinophilic substance and appeared foamy, due to presence of variable size of fat vacuoles. In mid lactation the lobules became highly irregular. The long and short diameter of lobules was 1041.69 µm and 563.93 µm, respectively. The intralobular stroma was inconspicuous hence alveolar wall appeared to touch each other. In late lactation lobules became shorter in size. The large alveoli showed folded and collapsed appearance. In nonlactating stage well defined alveoli, clusters of desquamated cells were seen and degenerated alveoli were also observed. These histomorphological changes in the secretory unit of the mammary gland reflect the lactation yield and milk composition during different stages of lactation.

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