Genotype, age of tree, nature of explant and size (length and diameter), season of explant collection, explant position on medium, plant growth regulators and certain additives (ascorbic and citric acids, adenine sulphate, L-arginine, glutamine and ammonium citrate), incubation conditions, and subculturing period greatly influenced the in vitro clonal propagation of P. cineraria. The maximum number of lo-12 shoots were induced from the nodal shoot segment from pruned thorny adult trees on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium containing 0.1 mgl-' indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) + 2.5 mgl-' benzylaminopurine (BAP) + additives. Higher temperature (31 f 2 "C) and mixed (fluorescent and incandescent) light of 50 pmol me2 s-' photon flux density for 12 h per day photoperiod favoured shoot induction and subsequent growth. Explants from thornless trees produced 6-8 shoots per explant on MS medium containing 0.1 mgll' IAA + 5.0 mgll' BAP + additives. Nodal shoot segments obtained from root and stump sprouts produced multiple shoots. Root segments differentiated into multiple shoots on MS medium containing 0.5 mgll' indolebutyric acid (IBA) + 2.5mgll' BAP.Differentiated shoots multiplied best on MS medium containing 0.1 mgll' naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) + 1 .O mgl-' BAP + additives. To yield multiple shoots the original explant was transferred 6 times on fresh medium after harvesting the differentiated shoots. Shoots were rooted by pulsing with 100 mgll' IBA for 4 h and then culturing on hormone-free half strength MS medium. Initial dark incubation for 5 days at high temperature (33 f 2OC) was found essential for root induction from shoots which was 63% within two weeks. The rooted plantlets contained a consistent number of chromosomes (2 n = 28). It is suggested that the protocol developed could be useful for cloning of mature and tested trees of P. cineraria.
Introduction:Low backache (LBA) is one of the most common problems and herniated lumbar disc is one of the most commonly diagnosed abnormalities associated with LBA. Disc herniation of the same size may be asymptomatic in one patient and can lead to severe nerve root compromise in another patient.Objective:To evaluate correlation between the clinical features of disc collapse and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) finding to determine the clinical importance of anatomical abnormalities identified by MRI technique.Summary:From January 2010 to January 2012, 75 otherwise healthy patients (43 males 32 females) between the age of 19 and 55 years (average age was 44.5 years) with low back pain and predominant complaint of root pain who presented to our clinic were included in the study.Materials and Methods:Proper screening was done to rule out previous spine affection and subjected to MRI.Results:The results were analyzed under four headings viz. disc herniation, disc degeneration, thecal sac deformation and neural foramen effacement. All patients had a visual analog score (VAS) score more than 6. The interrater correlation coefficient kappa was calculated to be k=0.51. There were total 44 patients with herniation, 25 patients had mild, one patient had moderate degree of thecal sac deformation, 21 patients had one or more levels of foraminal effacement by the herniated tissue, 100% of the patients had disc degeneration ranging from grade 1 to 3 at different levels; and 48 patients (64%) had radiculopathy, six (8%) patients had bilateral and others had ipsilateral affection.Conclusion:In our study, the correlation was made between clinical findings and MRI findings. It can safely be concluded that treating physician should put more emphasis on history, clinical examination, and make the inference by these and then should correlate the clinical findings with that of MRI to reach a final diagnosis.
Abstract:Micropropagation protocols for cloning of mature trees of Balanites aegyptiaca, the Hingota (Balanitaceae); Citrus limon, the Nimbu (Rutaceae) and Syzygium cuminii, the Jamun (Myrtaceae) have been developed. In order to harvest responsive nodal explants the mother tree(s) were pruned during the winter. Fresh shoot sprouts derived from the trees were used as explants. The nodal explants produced multiple shoots in vitro by activation of axillary meristems on MS medium + 0.45 µ M BAP. Shoots were further multiplied in culture by (i) repeated transfer of the mother explants and (ii) the subculturing of the nodal segments of in vitro differentiated shoots. Shoots multiplication in Citrus limon could be achieved by amendment of the nutrient medium. The in vitro cloned shoots of the three species were rooted in vitro and ex vitro. Ex vitro root induction was followed to produce plants. Micropropagated plants were hardened in the green house. The hardened and acclimatized plants were transferred to pots and subsequently to field. The cloned plants are growing normal. The protocols defined are reproducible. These can be used for mass multiplication of selected clones and genetic improvement of these species.
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