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Aloe vera Linn. (Syn. Aloe barbadensis Mill; Gwar-patha in Hindi) belongs to family Liliaceae. The plant, for its medicinal properties, has commercial value. Some of the genotypes of Aloe vera are consumed as a vegetable and processed to make curry and other edible products. We report here on the development of an efficient method for rapid clonal propagation by shoot proliferation from axillary meristem (s) of selected germplasm of Aloe vera. Explants were pretreated with 0.1% aqueous solution of both streptomycin and bavistin separately, each for 15 min. These were surface sterilized with 0.1% aqueous solution of mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ) for 4-5 min and washed several times with autoclaved water. These were kept in a chilled, sterile antioxidant (200.0 mg L -1 of ascorbic acid, 50.0 mg L -1 of citric acid, and 25.0 mg L -1 of polyvinylpyrrolidone; PVP) solution and cultured on semi-solid Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium. The bud explants produced multiple (10.3 ± 0.675/explant) shoots on MS medium containing 13.32 mM of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 100.0 mg L -1 of ascorbic acid, 50.0 mg L -1 each of citric acid and PVP, with The authors are grateful to the Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Jodhpur for providing the valuable plant material during the present investigation. 936 M. Singh et al. 25.0 mg L -1 each of arginine and adenine sulphate as additives. The shoots were further multiplied by (a) repeated transfer to fresh MS medium with additives + 13.32 mM BAP, and (b) subculturing on MS medium with a lower (4.44 mM) concentration of BAP. On MS medium containing 4.44 mM of BAP and additives, a maximum number (27.8 ± 0.63) of shoots were produced. In liquid MS medium with 4.44 mM of BAP, the rate of shoot multiplication increased and the vigor of the shoots improved. One hundred percent of the cloned shoots rooted under in vitro conditions on hormone-free half-strength MS salts containing 200.0 mg L -1 of activated charcoal at 32 ± 2°C. The cloned shoots treated with 2.46 mM of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or 2.473 mM of b-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA) for 5 min rooted under ex vitro conditions in the greenhouse. The rooted plants were hardened in the greenhouse and stored under an agro-net house. The cloned plants were transferred under different field conditions at various sites in Western Rajasthan. These plants grew normally. The higher rate of shoot multiplication and easier approach of direct rooting and hardening make this method superior to the methods previously reported on cloning/tissue culture of Aloe species. From a single shoot bud, approximately 5000 plants can be produced within 180 days.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral pneumonia, responsible for the recent pandemic, and originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The causative agent of the outbreak was identified as coronavirus and designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2). Few years back, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS- CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) were reported to be highly pathogenic and caused severe infections in humans. In the current situation SARS-CoV-2 has become the third highly pathogenic coronavirus that is responsible for the present outbreak in human population. At the time of this review, there were more than 1,40,07,791 confirmed COVID-19 patients which associated with over 5,97,105 deaths in more then 216 countries across the globe (as reported by World Health Organization). In this review we have discussed about SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARC-CoV-2, their reservoirs, role of spike proteins and immunogenicity. We have also covered the diagnosis, therapeutics and vaccine status of SARS-CoV-2.

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Abstract:Micropropagation protocols for cloning of mature trees of Balanites aegyptiaca, the Hingota (Balanitaceae); Citrus limon, the Nimbu (Rutaceae) and Syzygium cuminii, the Jamun (Myrtaceae) have been developed. In order to harvest responsive nodal explants the mother tree(s) were pruned during the winter. Fresh shoot sprouts derived from the trees were used as explants. The nodal explants produced multiple shoots in vitro by activation of axillary meristems on MS medium + 0.45 µ M BAP. Shoots were further multiplied in culture by (i) repeated transfer of the mother explants and (ii) the subculturing of the nodal segments of in vitro differentiated shoots. Shoots multiplication in Citrus limon could be achieved by amendment of the nutrient medium. The in vitro cloned shoots of the three species were rooted in vitro and ex vitro. Ex vitro root induction was followed to produce plants. Micropropagated plants were hardened in the green house. The hardened and acclimatized plants were transferred to pots and subsequently to field. The cloned plants are growing normal. The protocols defined are reproducible. These can be used for mass multiplication of selected clones and genetic improvement of these species.

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