In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service. To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper presents the results of a detailed survey on the fifth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios, millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks and software defined networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed, which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of 5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.

The advancement of technologies over years has poised Internet of Things (IoT) to scoop out untapped information and communication technology opportunities. It is anticipated that IoT will handle the gigantic network of billions of devices to deliver plenty of smart services to the users. Undoubtedly, this will make our life more resourceful but at the cost of high energy consumption and carbon footprint. Consequently, there is a high demand for green communication to reduce energy consumption, which requires optimal resource availability and controlled power levels. In contrast to this, IoT devices are constrained in terms of resources-memory, power, and computation. Low power wide area (LPWA) technology is a response to the need for efficient utilization of power resource, as it evinces characteristics such as the capability to proffer low power connectivity to a huge number of devices spread over wide geographical areas at low cost. Various LPWA technologies, such as LoRa and SigFox, exist in the market, offering a proficient solution to the users. However, in order to abstain the need of new infrastructure (like base station) that is required for proprietary technologies, a new cellular-based licensed technology, narrowband IoT (NBIoT), is introduced by 3GPP in Rel-13. This technology presents a good candidature to handle LPWA market because of its characteristics like enhanced indoor coverage, low power consumption, latency insensitivity, and massive connection support towards NBIoT. This survey presents a profound view of IoT and NBIoT, subsuming their technical features, resource allocation, and energy-efficiency techniques and applications. The challenges that hinder the NBIoT path to success are also identified and discussed. In this paper, two novel energy-efficient techniques ''zonal thermal pattern analysis'' and energy-efficient adaptive health monitoring system have been proposed towards green IoT. INDEX TERMS Internet of Things (IoT), narrowband Internet of Things (NBIoT), low power wide area network (LPWAN), green communication, smart agriculture, smart health.

Abstract-A constant need to increase the network capacity for meeting the growing demands of the subscribers has led to the evolution of cellular communication networks from the first generation (1G) to the fifth generation (5G). There will be billions of connected devices in the near future. Such a large number of connections are expected to be heterogeneous in nature, demanding higher data rates, lesser delays, enhanced system capacity and superior throughput. The available spectrum resources are limited and need to be flexibly used by the mobile network operators (MNOs) to cope with the rising demands. An emerging facilitator of the upcoming high data rate demanding next generation networks (NGNs) is device-to-device (D2D) communication. An extensive survey on device-to-device (D2D) communication has been presented in this paper, including the plus points it offers; the key open issues associated with it like peer discovery, resource allocation etc, demanding special attention of the research community; some of its integrant technologies like millimeter wave D2D (mmWave), ultra dense networks (UDNs), cognitive D2D, handover procedure in D2D and its numerous use cases. Architecture is suggested aiming to fulfill all the subscriber demands in an optimal manner. The Appendix mentions some ongoing standardization activities and research projects of D2D communication.Index Terms-Mobile network operators (MNOs), peer discovery, ultra dense networks (UDNs), millimeter wave (mmWave), next generation networks (NGNs), device-to-device (D2D) communication I. INTRODUCTIONoday the number of hand-held devices is drastically increasing, with a rising demand for higher data rate applications. In order to meet the needs of the next generation applications, the present data rates need a refinement. The fifth generation (5G) networks are expected and will have to fulfill these rising demands. A competent technology of the next generation networks (NGNs) is Deviceto-Device (D2D) Communication, which is expected to play an indispensable role in the approaching era of wireless communication. The use of D2D communication did not gain much importance in the previous generations of wireless communication, but in 5G networks, it is expected to be a vital part. The rising trends between the devices, enhance spectral efficiency and system capacity [2], with reduced latency within the networks. Such a technique is essential for fulfilling the chief goals of the mobile network operators (MNOs).D2D communication allows communication between two devices, without the participation of the Base Station (BS), or the evolved NodeB (eNB). Proximate devices can directly communicate with each other by establishing direct links. Due to the small distance between the D2D users, it supports power saving within the network, which is not possible in case of conventional cellular communication.It promises improvement in energy efficiency, throughput and delay. It has the potential to effectively offload traffic from the network core. Hence, it is a very ...

Nowadays, 5G is in its initial phase of commercialization. The 5G network will revolutionize the existing wireless network with its enhanced capabilities and novel features. 5G New Radio (5G NR), referred to as the global standardization of 5G, is presently under the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and can be operable over the wide range of frequency bands from less than 6GHz to mmWave (100GHz). 3GPP mainly focuses on the three major use cases of 5G NR that are comprised of Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication (uRLLC), Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB). For meeting the targets of 5G NR, multiple features like scalable numerology, flexible spectrum, forward compatibility, and ultra-lean design are added as compared to the LTE systems. This paper presents a brief overview of the added features and key performance indicators of 5G NR. The issues related to the adaptation of higher modulation schemes and inter-RAT handover synchronization are well addressed in this paper. With the consideration of these challenges, a next-generation wireless communication architecture is proposed. The architecture acts as the platform for migration towards beyond 5G/6G networks. Along with this, various technologies and applications of 6G networks are also overviewed in this paper. 6G network will incorporate Artificial intelligence (AI) based services, edge computing, quantum computing, optical wireless communication, hybrid access, and tactile services. For enabling these diverse services, a virtualized network slicing based architecture of 6G is proposed. Various ongoing projects on 6G and its technologies are also listed in this paper.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

The evolution of software defined networking (SDN) has played a significant role in the development of next-generation networks (NGN). SDN as a programmable network having ''service provisioning on the fly'' has induced a keen interest both in academic world and industry. In this article, a comprehensive survey is presented on SDN advancement over conventional network. The paper covers historical evolution in relation to SDN, functional architecture of the SDN and its related technologies, and OpenFlow standards/protocols, including the basic concept of interfacing of OpenFlow with network elements (NEs) such as optical switches. In addition a selective architecture survey has been conducted. Our proposed architecture on software defined heterogeneous network, points towards new technology enabling the opening of new vistas in the domain of network technology, which will facilitate in handling of huge internet traffic and helps infrastructure and service providers to customize their resources dynamically. Besides, current research projects and various activities as being carried out to standardize SDN as NGN by different standard development organizations (SODs) have been duly elaborated to judge how this technology moves towards standardization.Conventional networks implement various dedicated algorithms and set of rules on hardware components like application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) to monitor and control the flow of data in the network, supervising routing paths and responsible for configuring various NEs with each other in the network path [5,6]. When the packets are received by the routing devices, in a conventional network, it employs a set of rules, which are already entrenched in its firmware to detect the routing path for that packets as well as address of the destination device in the network. Generally data packets are handled in similar manner, which may be directed to the same destination and all this occurs in an inexpensive routing device. Moreover, special routing device i.e., Cisco router may have the ability to treat different packets depending on their nature and contents. It allows the administrator to mark out priorities of different flows through customized local router programming. Thus, the queue size in each router can manage packets flow directly. Such a customized local router setup allows the operators to handle traffic more efficiently in terms of congestion and prioritization control. The current network devices have the limitation on network performance due to high network traffic, which hinders the network performance in terms of speed, scalability, security, and reliability. The current network devices lack the dynamism in operation, which is related to different types of packets and their contents. It may be attributed to inability to reprograming of the network operation due to the J Netw Syst Manage (2017) 25:321-374 323 MotivationMotivation for adopting SDN technology as NGN can be visualized from the facts given hereunder:• To accommodate the fast expending traff...