Lentil seed bioassay is a more sensitive technique than HPLC. Traces of residues detected in subsurface soil indicated the mobility of metsulfuron-methyl into lower layers.
We measured the long-term (28 years) sustainability of rice-wheat cropping system under integrated nutrient management practices emphasizing the trends in grain yields, sustainable yield index (SYI) and nutrient budgeting. The data of long-term experiment revealed that grain yield of both rice and wheat declined under control and sub-optimal fertilizer inputs (50% or 75% recommended fertilizer NPK). Negative yield trend (slope) was observed in control plots for rice (-0.0296) and wheat (-0.0070); whereas positive yield trend was observed under treatments receiving organic supplements. The SYI values indicate that rice yields are more sustainable than wheat. Data on apparent nutrient balance showed a deficit of N (-42.2 kg/ha/year), P (-9.1 kg/ha/year) and K (-52.2 kg/ha/year) under control plots. Surprisingly, there was net depletion of K under the organic supplemented plots. Correlation study revealed that apparent balance of K was negatively correlated with SYI (r = -0.921 for rice; r = -0.914 for wheat) and yield slope (r = -0.870 for rice; r = -0.896 for wheat). If the trend of K imbalance is not reversed, the potential to improve N and P fertilizer use efficiency and crop yields will be limited.
Experiments comprising various ratios of wheat and lentil in a mixed cropping system under two irrigation regimes and three levels of N application are described and the results discussed. In all experiments the highest yield of grain was obtained by growing wheat alone and the highest yield of lentil grain by growing lentil alone. No mixture could equal the yield obtained by wheat alone.
Controlled release formulations of metribuzin in polyvinyl chloride, (emulsion); carboxy methyl cellulose, CMC and carboxy methyl cellulose- kaolinite composite, CMC-KAO are reported. The MET-CMC-KAO-3 (T(9)) formulation provided a superior control (76.1%) of weeds in field grown wheat in comparison to metribuzin 75 DF (57.14%) at the dose (350 g a.i. ha(-1)) after 90 days of sowing. The treatment (T(9)) reduced the dry weight of the weed flora after 30 days of sowing (4.0 g m(-2)) and significantly superior over metribuzin 75 DF (6.0 g m(-2)) and control (17.72 g m(-2)). There were nil to negligible metribuzin residue in soil at harvest of wheat crop and were within prescribed limit of 10 mg L(-1) in drinking water (EPA).
Water tanks are an integral part of village settlements in southern Rajasthan. Runoff water carries along nutrients and fine organic matter particulates from agricultural lands. Often the sources and pathways of nutrients moved by sediments in the runoff are difficult to fully identify and assess the losses. In rainfed farming system, there is a need to capture significant amount of rainwater, which is generally lost as runoff and deep drainage. This stored water can be used for supplemental irrigation, increasing crop productivity and resource-use efficiency. However, deposition of sediments in tanks reduces its capacity and also hampers the additional water storage. Hence, removal of sediments from tanks is a relevant approach for rainfed farming systems. With the turn of the last century, there has been widespread recognition of field technologies which can enhance the water productivity in agriculture (Samra, 1997). Several studies have identified the main constraints for increased productivity in the tropics as low rainwater use efficiency for crop production (35-45%), inherent low soil fertility, inappropriate soil, water and nutrient management practices, low adoption of stress-tolerant cultivars of crops, insufficient pest management options and poverty (Wani et al., 2002). Due to variations in seasonal rains during the monsoon season, crops experiences frequent dry spells. Use of tank silt has been reported in order to conserve rainwater, minimize land degradation, improve groundwater recharge, increase cropping intensity and crop productivity, (Kerr et al., 2000). The overall goal of the present study was to demonstrate the technology of tank silt application for enhancing the soil and water productivity of maize-based production systems. Materials and Methods The study was conducted at ten locations in five villages, viz.,
Pyrazosulfuron ethyl is a short-lived molecule, and it dissipated rapidly in field soil and water. The faster degradation of pyrazosulfuron in non-sterile soil than in sterile soil indicated microbial degradation of this herbicide.
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