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Fly ash is a by-product of coal-fired electricity generation plants. Its utilization and disposal is of utmost importance. Using onion (Allium cepa) root tip system, the present study was carried out to evaluate the potential toxic and genotoxic effects of fly ash, collected from a thermal power plant in West Bengal, India. Prior to testing, the collected fly ash sample was mixed with sand in different proportions. Allium bulbs were allowed to germinate directly in fly ash and after five days the germinating roots were processed for the Allium test. Additionally, the Allium test was adapted for detecting DNA damage through comet assay. The results from the Allium test indicate that fly ash at 100% concentration inhibits root growth and mitotic indices; induces binucleated cells as a function of the proportion, but is not toxic at very low concentration. In the comet assay, a statistical increase for DNA strand breaks was found only at higher concentrations. The sample was analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometer for Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cd and As, whose presence could partly be responsible for the toxicity of fly ash. The study concludes that the classical Allium test can give a more comprehensive data when done in combination with the comet assay, which is faster, simpler and independent of mitosis. Also when fly ash is used for other purposes in combination with soils, it should be judiciously used at very low concentrations in order to protect the ecosystem health from any potential adverse effects.

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Nanomedicine are a relatively new but quickly expanding discipline in which tiny materials are used as diagnostic instruments or to administer therapeutic drugs to particular targets in a controlled manner. Nanotechnology provides a number of advantages in the treatment of chronic human diseases by allowing precise medications to be delivered to particular locations. There have been several notable uses of nanomedicine (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, immunotherapeutic agents, etc.) in the treatment of various illnesses in recent years. Neverthless, In current scenario there are phytochemicals are also present whom are responsible for prevention of devastating diseases. In this review it has been highlighted that there are real possible outcomes present, in the case of the combined treatment strategies of phytochemicals and nanoparticles. Eventually, this combined drug delivery system play crucial role in anti-cancer, anti-alzehimar, anti-bacterial and many more complicated maladies. We also focused on the preclinical and clinical study regarding the drug delivery system. Here, the types of phytochemicals along with their bioavilability also mentioned. Additionally, the Nanomedicines' advantages and disadvantages in drug delivery from synthetic to natural sources to clinical applications are also explored. In addition, we've added information about nanomedicine's developments by attaching with phytochemicals with respect to the diseases and future prospects.