The essential oil from L. sidoides may be a promising source in the search for new antifungal drugs due to its efficacy and low toxicity.

The present study had the aim of testing the hexane and methanol extracts of avocado seeds, in order to determine their toxicity towards Artemia salina, evaluate their larvicidal activity towards Aedes aegypti and investigate their in vitro antifungal potential against strains of Candida spp, Cryptococcus neoformans and Malassezia pachydermatis through the microdilution technique. In toxicity tests on Artemia salina, the hexane and methanol extracts from avocado seeds showed LC 50 values of 2.37 and 24.13mg mL -1 respectively. Against Aedes aegypti larvae, the LC 50 results obtained were 16.7mg mL -1 for hexane extract and 8.87mg mL -1 for methanol extract from avocado seeds. The extracts tested were also active against all the yeast strains tested in vitro, with differing results such that the minimum inhibitory concentration of the hexane extract ranged from 0.625 to 1.25mg L-1 , from 0.312 to 0.625mg mL -1 and from 0.031 to 0.625mg mL -1 , for the strains of Candida spp, Cryptococcus neoformans and Malassezia pachydermatis, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration for the methanol extract ranged from 0.125 to 0.625mg mL -1 , from 0.08 to 0.156mg mL -1 and from 0.312 to 0.625mg mL -1 , for the strains of Candida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans and Malassezia pachydermatis, respectively. Key-words: Avocado seeds. Artemia salina. Aedes aegypti. Yeasts. RESUMOO presente estudo teve como objetivo testar os extratos hexânico e metanólico das sementes do abacate, a fim de determinar sua toxicidade em Artemia salina, avaliar a atividade larvicida frente ao Aedes aegypti, bem como verificar o potencial antifúngico in vitro contra cepas de Candida spp, Cryptococcus neoformans e Malassezia pachydermatis, através da técnica de microdiluição. Os extratos hexânico e metanólico das sementes de abacate apresentaram no teste de toxicidade frente à Artemia salina, valores de LC 50 2,37 e 24,13mg L -1 , respectivamente; contra as larvas do Aedes aegypti os resultados obtidos foram LC 50 16,7mg L -1 para o extrato hexânico e 8,87mg L -1 para o extrato metanólico das sementes do abacate. Os extratos testados também foram ativos contra todas as cepas de leveduras, testadas in vitro, apresentando diferentes resultados, onde o MIC do extrato hexânico variou de 0,625 a 1,25mg mL -1 , de 0,312 a 0,625mg mL -1 e de 0,031 a 0,625mg mL -1 para as cepas de Candida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans e Malassezia pachydermatis, respectivamente. O intervalo de MIC para o extrato metanólico foi de 0,125 a 0,625mg mL -1 , 0,08 a 0,156mg mL -1 e de 0,312 a 0,625mg mL -1 , para as exemplares de Candida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans e Malassezia pachydermatis, respectivamente. Palavras-chaves: Sementes do abacate. Artemia salina. Aedes aegypti. Leveduras.Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) is a plant from Central America (Mexico, Guatemala, Antilles), but it has shown easy adaptation to other tropical regions. Its fruits are commonly known as avocados and have an olive-green peel and thick pale yellow pulp that is rich in vegetable oils...

Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) is a plant with high nutritional and medicinal value. Native to India, it is now widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Its different parts are sources of proteins, vitamins and minerals and present different pharmacological and biotechnological potential. Moreover, M. oleifera seeds are widely used in water and effluent treatment, for their coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation properties, their ability of improving water quality, by reducing organic matter and microbial load, with special applicability in intensive animal production systems, such as aquaculture. In addition, due to its high nutritional value and several medicinal properties, this tree may act as a nutritional and medical alternative for socially neglected populations. In this context, this review gathers information on M. oleifera, emphasizing its chemical constituents, nutritional, pharmacological and antimicrobial properties, applications in the treatment of water effluents, and ecological and social aspects.

Over a one year period (November 2000-December 2001), clinical specimens from 189 dogs and 38 cats, from the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, were examined at the Specialized Medical Mycology Center at the Federal University of Ceará to detect animals with dermatophytoses. The mycological analyses were conducted by direct microscopy and by fungal culture on Sabouraud agar, Sabouraud chloramphenicol agar and Mycosel agar. Dermatophytes were isolated from 27 of the 189 (14.3%) canine specimens and 14 of the 38 (36.8%) feline specimens. The identified dermatophytes were Microsporum canis (95%), M. gypseum (2.5%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes (2.5%). Microsporum canis was the most common species isolated (92.6% and 100%, for dogs and cats respectively). The percentage of positive direct microscopic examinations of clinical specimens and positive cultures was 61%. There was a high proportion of positive cultures from cats less than 1 year of age, but in dogs no significant differences were detected. There were no significant differences between the sexes. Dermatophytes were more frequently isolated in March, April and May, but no significant differences were detected in the seasonal distribution of canine and feline dermatophytoses.

Knowledge of epidemiological and mycological characteristics of onychomycosis has been noted by many authors as being an important tool for control of these fungal infections. This study seeks to improve knowledge of onychomycosis epidemiology and mycological features. Samples were taken from infected fingernails and toenailsOnychomycosis is a denomination used to describe nail infection usually caused by dermatophytes, yeast, and non-dermatophytic moulds (Mercantini et al. 1996, Weitzman & Summerbell 1996. These fungi may cause onychomycosis particularly as secondary invaders after damage by trauma or disease (Haneke 1991, Elewski 1998.Onychomycosis affects approximately 5% of the population worldwide (Murray & Dawber 2002) and represents around 30% of all superficial mycotic infection (Migdley et al. 1994) and 50% of nail disorders (Drake et al. 1996, Ghannoum et al. 2000.Dermatophytes are responsible for nearly 90% of toenail onychomycosis and at least 50% of fingernail infections (Elewski 1998). Candida species, particularly C. albicans, prevail in fingernail infections (Lopes et al. 1999, Pontes et al. 2002. Non-dermatophytic moulds are rare, but a number of species, such as Fusarim spp., Scytalidium spp., and Acremonium spp. have also been described as etiological agents of onychomycosis (Migdley et al. 1994, Tosti et al. 2000, Pontes et al. 2002.The epidemiology of onychomycosis has been well studied in some countries, but few data are available in tropical countries (Kam et al. 1997). In addition, research on this theme is poorly exploited in Northeast Brazil. This study, therefore, seeks to improve knowledge of the epidemiology and the mycological features of onychomycosis. Specimen collection and processing -The specimens were obtained from clinically abnormal nails, by a vigorous scraping of the nail bed, the underside of the nail plate and the hyponychyum, after cleaning the affected areas with 80% ethanol. The samples of each patient were placed in separate sterile Petri dish and transported to Medical Mycology Specialized Center. Scales scraped from the nails were analyzed for fungal elements, such as hyphae or blastoconidia, by direct microscopy examination, in potassium hydroxide (30%). For fungal cultures, all samples were inoculated on each of three isolation media (i) Sabouraud glucose agar (SGA; Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI), (ii) SGA with 5% chloramphenicol, and (iii) Mycosel agar (Sanofi, France). The culture tubes were incubated at 28°C and examined daily for one month. Specimens from the lesions were repeatedly collected three times when it was observed growth of a nondermatophyte alone from a specimen that has tested positive for fungi on direct microscopy.Strain identification -The yeast isolates were identified according to morphological characteristics and the biochemical profile. To determine yeast micromorphology, cornmeal-Tween 80 agar plates were streaked and stabbed with a 48-h-old yeast colony, covered with a sterile cover-

Aims:  To find new antifungal agents among essential oils from Brazilian Croton species. Methods and Results:  Plant leaves were steam distilled and the obtained essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. The main constituents were estragole and anethole for Croton zehntneri, methyl‐eugenol and bicyclogermacrene for Croton nepetaefolius and spathulenol and bicyclogermacrene for Croton argyrophylloides. The antifungal activity of essential oils was evaluated against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Microsporum canis by the agar‐well diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by the broth microdilution method. Essential oils of Croton species demonstrated better activity against M. canis. Among the three plants C. argyrophylloides showed the best results, with MIC ranging from 9 to 19 μg ml−1. The acute administration of the essential oil up to 3 g kg−1 by the oral route to mice was devoid of overt toxicity. Conclusions:  The studied essential oils are active in vitro against the dermatophyte M. canis and present relative lack of acute toxicity in vivo. Significance and Impact of the Study:  Because of its antifungal activity and low toxicity, the essential oils of studied Croton species are promising sources for new phytotherapeutic agents to treat dermatophytosis.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of farnesol and its interaction with traditional antifungals against drug-resistant strains of Candida species. To do so, we studied the minimum in vitro inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amphotericin B (AMB), fluconazole (FLC), itraconazole (ITC), caspofungin (CAS) and farnesol against 45 isolates of Candida spp., i.e., 24 C. albicans, 16 C. parapsilosis and 5 C. tropicalis through the use of the broth microdilution method. Then, the isolates were tested with the combination of farnesol plus drugs to which they were previously found to be resistant. Additionally, the strains were pre-incubated at sub-inhibitory farnesol concentrations and their antifungal susceptibilities were re-evaluated. We found the MIC values for farnesol varied from 4.68-150 µM for Candida spp., with 19 isolates having a MIC > 1 mg/l, 18 a MIC ≥ 64 mg/l, 35 having a MIC ≥ 1 mg/l and 6 isolates a MIC ≥ 2 mg/l or were resistant to AMB, FLC, ITC and CAS, respectively. Significant MIC reductions were observed when farnesol and antifungal drugs were combined (P < 0.05) and when Candida strains were incubated with farnesol (P < 0.05). We conclude that the in vitro effects of farnesol improved the activity of traditional antifungals to which the Candida spp. isolates were resistant. These results support further investigation of the role of farnesol in the balance of the sterol biosynthetic pathway and how it interferes with cell viability.

Cockatiels are the world's second most popular psittacine pet bird, but no data characterizing their gastrointestinal microbiota have been found. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize the yeast gastrointestinal microbiota of cockatiels and to evaluate the relevance of cockatiels as carriers of potentially pathogenic yeasts. A total of 60 cockatiels, from 15 different premises, were assessed. A thorough clinical examination was performed with each bird, and samples were collected from oral cavity, crop and cloaca. The stools were collected from cages where the birds were kept. The isolates were identified according to morphological and biochemical characteristics. Yeasts were isolated from at least one anatomical site of 65 % of the birds and 64.3 % of the stool samples. The oral cavity (53.3 %) and the crop (58.3 %) were the anatomical sites with the highest prevalence and the highest number of yeast isolates. Overall, 120 yeast isolates, belonging to 13 species, were obtained. The most frequently isolated species were Candida albicans, with 39 (32.5 %) isolates, followed by Candida tropicalis (20 %), Trichosporon asteroides (12.5 %), Candida famata (10 %) and others. Mixed yeast colonies were isolated from 23.3 % of the birds and C. albicans was seldom found in association with other species (P,0.05). The results of this work demonstrated that cockatiels harbour potentially pathogenic yeasts throughout their gastrointestinal tract and in stools, and are prone to disseminating them in the environment.