The manganese spinel ferrite (MnFe 2 O 4 ) particles were successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal route in green betel leaf (Piper betle Linn) extract media. Morphology, structure, and characteristics of the samples were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy UV-Vis (DRS UV-Vis), and Vibration Sample Magnetometer (VSM) instruments. Photocatalytic activity of the spinel ferrite was evaluated by the degradation of dye under solar light and antibacterial activity was studied with different strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results revealed that the concentration of betel leaf extract was an important factor, which affects the morphology, crystallization, and magnetic properties of MnFe 2 O 4 . The prepared samples exhibited soft-ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature. Un-calcined samples showed higher saturation magnetic ($65 emu/g) than calcined samples (29-41 emu/g). The band gap energy of synthesized samples was about 2.05 eV. Two major wide-ranging metal-oxygen (M-O) peaks are seen in the FT-IR spectra in the range of 570-300 cm À1 , which confirmed the presence of tetrahedral and octahedral sites in the spinel structure. The MnFe 2 O 4 particles showed effective photodegradation for Direct Red 81 dye under solar light irradiation. Moreover, the prepared samples exhibited significant activity as an antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Pellet is a kind of solidified and mechanically compressed feed. Problem frequently rise is that pellet shape is easily damaged, brittle, and broken during production, transportation and storage processing. The purpose this study was to know the influence of onggok addition as binding agent with 5% water spraying on the physical characteristic of pellet form ration.The data were analysed by analyzed of variance and the significant experiment results would be examined by orthogonal contrast test. The treatments consist from the first experiment were: A1 = basal ration + 0% spraying water, A2 = basal ration + 5% spraying water, A3 = basal ration + 10% spraying water and A4 = basal ration + 15% spraying water. The best result from the first experiment would be used for the second experiment, the treatments second experiment were: R1 = basal ration + 5% spraying water + 0% onggok, R2 = basal ration + 5% spraying water + 2% onggok, R3 = basal ration + 5% spraying water + 4% onggok and R4 = basal ration + 5% spraying water + 6% onggok.The parameters were water content, water activity, specific gravity, loose bulk density, compressed bulk density, angle of repose, modulus of fineness, average particle sizes and the durability of pellet form. The conclusion of the experiment that added of onggok as binder significant influenced of the characteristic physical pellet, i.e.: increased loose bulk density, compressed bulk density, modulus of fineness, average particle sizes, and durability of pellet, but decreased specific gravity, water content, angle of repose and water activity. ) menyatakan bahwa pelet adalah hasil modifikasi dari mash yang dihasilkan dari pengepresan mesin pelet menjadi lebih keras. Bentuk fisik pakan berupa pelet ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh jenis bahan yang digunakan, ukuran pencetak, jumlah air, tekanan dan metode setelah pengolahan serta penggunaan bahan pengikat/perekat untuk menghasilkan pelet dengan struktur yang kuat, kompak dan kokoh sehingga pelet tidak mudah pecah.Bahan perekat sintetis yang biasa digunakan dalam pembuatan pakan ternak di Industri Makanan Ternak antara lain Carboksil Metil Cellulosa (CMC) yang harganya mahal sehingga akan meningkatkan harga dari pellet itu sendiri, untuk itu perlu dicari bahan perekat alternatif untuk menggantikan bahan-bahan Corresponding author: weny.widiarti@yahoo.com perekat tersebut yang berharga murah, ketersediaannya banyak, mempunyai daya rekat yang tinggi, mudah dicerna oleh organisme, dapat bersatu dengan bahan-bahan ransum lainnya dan tidak mengandung racun.Onggok merupakan hasil sampingan industri tapioka yang berbentuk padat. Komponen penting yang terdapat pada onggok adalah pati dan serat kasar. Kandungan ini berbeda untuk setiap daerah asal, jenis dan mutu ubi kayu, teknologi yang digunakan dan penanganan ampas itu sendiri. Kandungan pati onggok adalah sekitar 69,9% dan dari setiap 100 kg umbi segar akan menghasilkan 5-10 kg onggok atau sekitar 5-10% onggok, sehingga dengan kandungan patinya yang tinggi dan banyak tersedia, onggok ...

Magnetic nanoparticles of TiO2-(x)NiFe2O4 with x = 0.01, 0.1, and 0.3have been synthesized by mixture of titanium isopropoxide (TIP) and nitric metal as precursors. The particles were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDX, and VSM. XRD pattern show the peaks at 2q = 25.3°, 38.4° and 47.9° which are referred as anatase phase of TiO2. Meanwhile NiFe2O4 phase was observed clearly for x = 0.3. The present of NiFe2O4 can prevent the transformation of TiO2 from anatase to rutile when the calcination temperature increased. Microstructure analyses by SEM show the homogeneous form and size of particles. The magnetic properties analysis by VSM indicates that TiO2-NiFe2O4 is paramagnetic behavior. TiO2 doped NiFe2O4 has higher photocatalytic activity than TiO2 synthesized for degradation of Rhodamine B in aqueous solution under solar light irradiation.

The use of the chicken eggshell with its membrane as low-cost adsorbent had been done to the removal of synthetic dyes in aqueous solution. Adsorption method in the batch system was done to adsorb Methylene Blue and Indigo Carmine as the cationic and anionic dyes. Some parameters were studied such as pH, contact time, initial concentration of dyes and mass of ES+M to find the optimum adsorption. The functional group of ES+M like hydroxyl, amine, carboxyl and thiol were used to binding the dyes. The characteristics of ES+M were determined by FTIR and XRF to analyzed functional group and elements composition before and after adsorption. The adsorption capacity optimum of ES+M to adsorb Methylene Blue was 11.54 mg/g with % RE 92.34% in 30 minutes, and Indigo Carmine was 8.04 mg/g with % RE 64.34% in 15 minutes. 

The magnetic nanocomposites of ZnO/NiFe2O4 were synthesized using a hydrothermal method in organic solvent-free media for application as a heterojunction photocatalyst. XRD measurements confirmed the formation of the required phases of nanocomposites with no impurity phases observed. The SEM and TEM analysis confirmed the morphology and shape of composite as being spherical and square-like grain. The magnetic properties of composites measured using vibrating sampler magnetometer (VSM) under an applied field of ±2 T showed a soft ferromagnetism. Band gap energy of the ZnO/NiFe2O4 sample was found to be lower than the pure ZnO nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity of samples was evaluated by monitoring the simultaneous degradation of the mixed dye model of Rhodamine B and Methylene Blue under visible-light irradiation. Compared with pure ZnO, the nanocomposites exhibited a better photocatalytic performance with a degradation percentage of 98% for Rhodamine B and 97% for Methylene Blue in mix solution after 3 h of irradiation.