Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common human bacterial infection worldwide, infecting approximately half of the world's population. Although antibiotic use is indicated for H. pylori eradication, the recommended type of antibiotic varies from country to country according to the H. pylori resistance pattern; developing countries, such as Egypt, may have different patterns than developed countries. We evaluated the antibiotic resistance of H. pylori in Egypt. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 134 adult patients with upper gastrointestinal (GI) complaints. Patients with a history of PPI during the last 2 weeks or antibiotics during the last 4 weeks before endoscopy were excluded. Upper GI endoscopies were performed and biopsies were collected for histopathology and H. pylori culture. Demographic, clinical, and endoscopic data were also collected. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for H. pylori was performed for nine therapeutically relevant antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: The H. pylori antibiotic resistance rates were as follows: moxifloxacin, 10%; doxycycline, 15%; levofloxacin, 20%; clarithromycin, 40%; azithromycin, 40%; erythromycin, 65%; rifampicin, 90%; amoxicillin, 95%; and metronidazole, 100%. Dual resistance rates were 40% for amoxicillin/clarithromycin, 40% for metronidazole/clarithromycin, and 95% for amoxicillin/metronidazole. Conclusion:In Egyptian patients, H. pylori had >90% resistance to metronidazole and amoxicillin; modest resistance to erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin; and low resistance to moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin (≤20%). Dual resistance was high for amoxicillin/clarithromycin and amoxicillin/metronidazole, which prefers using quinolones rather than clarithromycin or metronidazole for first-line treatment of H. pylori in Egypt.

Background: Helicobacter pylorus has been identified as a major cause of peptic ulcer disease, risk factor for gastric cancer and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. There is an emerging increase in antimicrobial resistance and subsequently failing empiric H. pylori eradication therapies which increases need to asses antibiotic susceptibility for H. pylori in every country, this will be done after its culture. Culturing of H. pylori is affected by multiple factors. Aim of the work: To Identify factors affecting H. pylori culture. Patients and Methods: A group of 134 adult patients with upper gastrointestinal complaints were recruited excluding patients who received PPI in last 2 weeks and Antibiotic in last 4 weeks. Upper GIT endoscopy was done, biopsies were collected; histopathological examination and culture of H. pylori were done, we studied the relation between culture result, patients and bacterial factors. Results: Out of 134 studied biopsies, 20 had H. pylori culture positive (14.9%), the bacillary form of H. pylori was more cultivable (9/24, 37.5%) (P = 0.008). Positive culture results were associated with moderate infestation by H. pylori (14/20, 70%). Diabetes mellitus was associated with positive culture result (5/20, 25%) with (P = 0.04). Only one case of culture positive H. pylori had previous history of H. pylori treatment (1/20, 5%). Conclusion: H. pylori culture is affected by multiple factors besides technical factors include form of H. pylori organism and degree of infestation of tissue by H. pylori, other factors like DM and previous H. pylori treatment of the patient.

Metabolic syndrome is defined as the co-occurrence of several cardiovascular risk factors, containing, insulin resistance, obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Herpes simplex virus is an intracellular pathogen that can affect the skin of several parts of the body including the urogenital region, -mouth, eyes, and nervous system, which is life-threatening for children. The present study aimed to assess the percent of antibody of herpes simplex virus type 1 among children with metabolic syndrome (diabetes and obesity) in Primary schools in Ismailia city. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 46 children from age 6 to 10 years old in Ismailia city. Our method depend on dictation of herpes simplex virus type 1 antibodies (IgG) by commercial ELISA techniques. Serum triglyceride HD, L, LDL and fast blood sugar were measured by using colorimetric assay in accordance with a standardized method, they were analyzed through spectrophotometer Semi-Automatic clinical chemistry analyzer (Micro lab 300-ELITechGroup). In present study we found that a very high frequency of HSV-1 infections among the studied metabolic syndrome children with a percentage of 86% while the control group (children of the same gender and age) were 26% only. Upon the interpretation of the HSVs serological profiles, the past latent infection with HSV-1 (IgG was the most prevalent type of infection than HSV-1 recurrent infection (IgM) (0%), in all the HSV-1 positive cases (n= 46, 56%). Moreover, then there weakly positive correlation between IgG and triglycerides which is significant statistically (p< 0.05), while non-significant statistically correlation with HDL and LDL, Cholesterol, while ruling out the equivocal sample as HSV-1 IgM negative. The current study suggested that a very high incidence of HSV-1 antibodies among metabolic syndrome children in Ismailia city.