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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious nosocomial infection that affectspatients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). However, certain HBV variants are not detected by routine serological tests in Egyptian dialysis units because of mutations that change important viral antigens (Ags). Of note, these mutations can result in the appearance of different HBV variants with different clinical manifestations. Thus, the present study aimed to assess different clinical forms of HBV infections and viral genotypes among patients undergoing HD in the Ismailia governorate of Egypt. To this end, serum samples were collected from 150 patients undergoing HD and screened for HBV-DNA using a nested PCR technique. Positive samples were then screened for HBV serological markers (hepatitis B core antibody [HBcAb], hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B surface antibody, hepatitis B e antigen and hepatitis B e antibody) using ELISA and the HBV viral load quantitated by qPCR. HBV genotypes were detected by direct sequencing of the partial surface (S) gene. The most common clinical form of HBV infection in our study cohort was overt HBV infection (10%); followed by seropositive occult hepatitis B infection (7.3%), most of whom had an isolated HBcAb. The least common form was the precore mutant (1.3%). All HBV isolates were genotype D. This study reveals the importance of HBcAb and PCR in screening for HBV, especially for detection of occult hepatitis B infection.

Plant growth and root nodules of infected Faba bean plants with broad bean mottle virus were significantly reduced in plant height, leaf area, dry matter, number and size of nodules in comparison with healthy ones. As well Leghaemoglobin content and Nitrogenase activity were reduced in infected nodules at 45 days after BBMV inoculation. The amount of N 2-fixed as expressed by acetylene reduction was reduced considerably by 38.8%. Nitrogen content as an indicator for the efficiency of N 2-fixation was reduced in shoots, roots and root nodules of infected nodulated plants as compared with healthy nodulated ones. Differences between bacteroids in healthy and in BBMV infected cells were no longer apparent. These differences include: (i) a decrease in endocytotic and exocytotic vesiculation on the membrane envelope of the bacteriods and on plasma membrane of bacteroidal cells, (ii) a decrease in number of vesicles in the space between the bacteriod and the membrane envelope. The possible significance of these changes relative to the decreased efficiency of N 2-fixation was discussed.

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Metabolic syndrome is defined as the co-occurrence of several cardiovascular risk factors, containing, insulin resistance, obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Herpes simplex virus is an intracellular pathogen that can affect the skin of several parts of the body including the urogenital region, -mouth, eyes, and nervous system, which is life-threatening for children. The present study aimed to assess the percent of antibody of herpes simplex virus type 1 among children with metabolic syndrome (diabetes and obesity) in Primary schools in Ismailia city. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 46 children from age 6 to 10 years old in Ismailia city. Our method depend on dictation of herpes simplex virus type 1 antibodies (IgG) by commercial ELISA techniques. Serum triglyceride HD, L, LDL and fast blood sugar were measured by using colorimetric assay in accordance with a standardized method, they were analyzed through spectrophotometer Semi-Automatic clinical chemistry analyzer (Micro lab 300-ELITechGroup). In present study we found that a very high frequency of HSV-1 infections among the studied metabolic syndrome children with a percentage of 86% while the control group (children of the same gender and age) were 26% only. Upon the interpretation of the HSVs serological profiles, the past latent infection with HSV-1 (IgG was the most prevalent type of infection than HSV-1 recurrent infection (IgM) (0%), in all the HSV-1 positive cases (n= 46, 56%). Moreover, then there weakly positive correlation between IgG and triglycerides which is significant statistically (p< 0.05), while non-significant statistically correlation with HDL and LDL, Cholesterol, while ruling out the equivocal sample as HSV-1 IgM negative. The current study suggested that a very high incidence of HSV-1 antibodies among metabolic syndrome children in Ismailia city.