Potato production in the Russian Federation and in many countries of the world is important. In the public sector, potatoes are cultivated on farms, personal and subsidiary plots. In connection with the transition to market relations, the area for planting potatoes has sharply decreased, and as a result, the production of potato harvesting equipment. Therefore, an acute question arose of the further creation and production of the simplest potato harvesting equipment and the improvement of their new working bodies. Pre-harvest removal chopping tops occupies an important place in the technology of potato cultivation. During operation, it was noted that rotary machines have a number of disadvantages caused by the imperfection of the rotor design, its kinematic modes, insufficient balance and reliability. In order to eliminate these shortcomings, a rotary topper with a vertical axis of rotation was designed and manufactured. To justify the design and operational parameters, theoretical studies of the process of interaction of the working element of the chopper with the tops of root crops were carried out, as a result of which the main patterns characterizing the working element were identified. In particular, dependence was obtained that allows to determine the cross-sectional diameter of the working element, which takes into account both the design parameters of the developed grinder and the properties of the tops. After calculating the obtained dependence, it was determined that for the operation of the unit with a minimum energy consumption, the diameter of the working element should be 6 mm. Such a working element cuts the tops in compliance with all agricultural requirements. Field experiments conducted later confirmed the obtained value, which indicates the reliability of the results.
The article discusses the features of the process of interaction of the blades of the teeth of the disk working body with the cultivated soil. If we take into account the fact that the parameters of the intensity of the impact exerted on the soil by the toothed working body will depend on the speed of movement, it will be possible to determine the values of the speed of an arbitrary point of the blade of the teeth. As a result of mathematical transformations and the application of the method of differentiation of the equation of their displacement, a formula was obtained for calculating the cutting speed for an arbitrary point of the blade of the teeth of a disk working body. Also, the acceleration of the points under consideration is determined and the dependences obtained as a result of theoretical studies are analyzed. The dependences demonstrate that the parameters of the impact speed and the trajectory of the blade movement directly depend on the shape of the cutting edge. They are also influenced by the angle of attack, the value of the inclination in relation to the vertical, as well as the speed of the planter movement. After analyzing the results obtained, it can be concluded that there is a noticeable decrease in the throwing of the upper soil layer to the side and the removal of the lower layer to the open surface of the field when exposed to a disk working body with teeth around the perimeter.
Row and industrial crops in the overall structure of crop production occupy a significant share. A special role is assigned to the production of root and tuber crops. A distinctive feature of the technology of cultivation of root and tuber crops is that before or during harvesting the tops are removed. The article presents the results of experimental studies to substantiate and assess the effect of the kinematic operating mode of a rotary topper chopper on the completeness of removing the tops of root and tuber crops. As the factors determining the percentage of completeness of haulm removal, the rotor speed and the speed of the haulm chopper were chosen. These factors, along with the diameter of the cross-section of the working element, have the greatest influence on the quality of the implementation of the technological process of grinding the tops of potatoes with the simultaneous destruction of the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle. During the experiments, the methodology of the mathematical theory of planning experiments was used. To process the experimental results, we used the software developed by the authors in the Visual Basic for Aplications language in the MS Excel environment. With the help of the constructed mathematical model, the optimization problem was solved and the values of the operating parameters of the topper chopper were determined, which ensure the maximum percentage of the completeness of the haulm removal. The values of the operating parameters of the topper chopper, at which the highest percentage of haulm removal is achieved, turned out to be as follows: rotor speed -1750.340 min -1 ; speed of movement of the unit -2.922 m•s -1 .
Planting is one of the main and most labor-intensive operations in potato cultivation technology. There is a problem of creating optimal density and uniformity of tuber placement during planting. To solve it, a toothed working unit of a disk-type potato planter has been developed. The article discusses the features of the process of interaction of the blades of the teeth of the disk working unit with the cultivated soil. If we take into account the fact that the parameters of the intensity of the impact on the soil by the gear working unit will depend on the speed of movement, it will be possible to determine the speed values of an arbitrary point of the teeth blade. As a result of mathematical transformations and the application of the method of differentiation of the equation of their displacement, a formula was obtained for calculating the cutting speed for an arbitrary point of the blade of the teeth of the disk working unit. The acceleration of the points under consideration is also determined and the dependences obtained as a result of theoretical studies are analyzed. The parameters of the impact speed and the trajectory of the blade movement directly depend on the shape of the cutting edge. They are also influenced by the angle of attack, the amount of inclination with respect to the vertical, and the speed indicators of the planter. With an increase in the speed of the unit from 1 to 5 m/s and an increase in the angle of attack from 0 to 30, the cutting speed changes from 0.1 to 1.5 m/s. When exposed to a disk working unit with teeth around the perimeter, the topsoil is thrown to the side and the lower layer is carried out to the open field surface, which is most noticeable when the planter moves at a speed of more than 2 m/s. At a travel speed of 3 m/s, soil ejection is reduced, compared to the SN-4B prototype, by up to 30%
The article presents the theoretical results of the performance indicators of the defoliator. They depend on the parameters and modes of the defoliator operation. It operates on the basis of the description of the justification, which is provided in the work. The combined defoliator is aimed at removing potato tops with working bodies. They are multiple in number and they combine the consistency of their rotation including their vertical axis. Moreover, with the horizontal axis they are in the zone of their interaction without touching each other.
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