The irradiation of metallic ions on polymeric surfaces may change the chemical, electrical and physical properties of polymers. In this article, we have investigated the effects on the electrical and morphological properties of polypropylene caused by irradiating with copper (Cu) ions generated from laser-produced plasmas. For this purpose Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm) was employed to produce Cu ions. The flux of ions was controlled by varying the number of laser shots in the range 100–400, with a step size of 100. The changes in the electrical conductivity of the irradiated sample were studied using a four-point probe technique, while the surface features were examined by using optical microscopy. The electrical conductivity changed from 4.758 × 10−8 Ω−1 cm−1 to 5.003 × 10−8 Ω−1 cm−1 for unexposed and exposed (with 400 shots) samples, respectively.
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FMD serotype “O” with subtype PAN Asia-II, serotype “A” with subtype Tur-06 and serotype “Asia-1” with subtype Sindh-08 were adapted on the LFBK cell line and subsequently on BHK-21. After inactivation these subtypes were introduced for the development of oil based trivalent vaccine against FMD. The study was conducted on the experimental animals (cow calves) at Livestock Production Research Institute (LPRI), Okara. Twenty one unvaccinated cattle calves of age group 4-6 month were used in the study, 16 were injected with experimentally prepared oil based FMD vaccine at the dose rate of 2cc per cow calf at day 0 and 28 post priming while five cattle calves were kept as control. The FMD oil based vaccine containing subtypes PAN ASIA-II, TUR-06 and SINDH-08 showed satisfactory immune response on ELISA and Serum Neutralization Test (SNT) at day 28 post priming and day 28 post booster. The study aimed to strengthen the national control strategy against FMD by the incorporation of prevalent field strains of FMD virus for the vaccine development.
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