Warmer and drier climates over Eastern Amazonia have been predicted as a component of climate change during the next 50-100 years. It remains unclear what effect such changes will have on forest-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water, but the cumulative effect is anticipated to produce climatic feedback at both regional and global scales. To allow more detailed study of forest responses to soil drying, a simulated soil drought or 'throughfall exclusion' (TFE) experiment was established at a rain forest site in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil, for which time-series sap flow and soil moisture data were obtained. The experiment excluded 50% of the throughfall from the soil. Sap flow data from the forest plot experiencing normal rainfall showed no limitation of transpiration throughout the two monitored dry seasons. Conversely, data from the TFE showed large dry season declines in transpiration, with tree water use restricted to 20% of that in the control plot at the peak of both dry seasons. The results were examined to evaluate the paradigm that the restriction on transpiration in the dry season was caused by limitation of soil-to-root water transport, driven by low soil water potential and high soilto-root hydraulic resistance. This paradigm, embedded in the soil-plant-atmosphere (SPA) model and driven using on-site measurements, provided a good explanation (R 2 40.69) of the magnitude and timing of changes in sap flow and soil moisture. This model-data correspondence represents a substantial improvement compared with other ecosystem models of drought stress tested in Amazonia. Inclusion of deeper rooting should lead to lower sensitivity to drought than the majority of existing models. Modelled annual GPP declined by 13-14% in response to the treatment, compared with estimated declines in transpiration of 30-40%.

Background-Long-term cessation of oral anticoagulation (OAC) after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) has been deemed controversial.

In this paper, we use geo-coded, individual-level register data on four European countries to compute comparative measures of segregation that are independent of existing geographical sub-divisions. The focus is on non-European migrants, for whom aggregates of egocentric neighbourhoods (with different population counts) are used to assess small-scale, medium-scale, and large-scale segregation patterns. At the smallest scale level, corresponding to neighbourhoods with 200 persons, patterns of over- and under-representation are strikingly similar. At larger-scale levels, Belgium stands out as having relatively strong over- and under-representation. More than 55% of the Belgian population lives in large-scale neighbourhoods with moderate under- or over-representation of non-European migrants. In the other countries, the corresponding figures are between 30 and 40%. Possible explanations for the variation across countries are differences in housing policies and refugee placement policies. Sweden has the largest and Denmark the smallest non-European migrant population, in relative terms. Thus, in both migrant-dense and native-born-dense areas, Swedish neighbourhoods have a higher concentration and Denmark a lower concentration of non-European migrants than the other countries. For large-scale, migrant-dense neighbourhoods, however, levels of concentration are similar in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Thus, to the extent that such concentrations contribute to spatial inequalities, these countries are facing similar policy challenges.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s10680-018-9481-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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The objective was to discuss the impact of educational practices developed by nurses on the experience of women in pregnancy and childbirth. A qualitative study was carried out, whose data was collected through semi-structured interviews with sixteen women who gave birth and who attended the educational groups and puerperal consultations in a Birth Center. Analysis was done according to the guidelines for content analysis of Bardin. The results showed that the practices were essential for peaceful pregnancy experience, maternal bonding, free expression of sexuality during pregnancy and sensations experienced in childbirth. It was concluded that health education, used as an instrument of care, nurture the accession of women to less interventionist obstetric practices.

RESUMOO presente trabalho foi realizado na Estação Cientifica Ferreira Penna, dentro da Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, Melgaço, Pará, Brasil (01º 42' 30"S; 51º 31' 45"W; 60 m altitude). A região é uma floresta de terra firme, com vegetação densa e dossel com altura média de 35 m e árvores emergentes acima de 50 m, densidade de 450 a 550 árvores por hectare. O objetivo foi o de quantificar a precipitação total incidente acima do dossel, precipitação efetiva e precipitação interna, o escoamento da água pelos troncos e interceptação da precipitação pela vegetação no período de março a dezembro de 2004, quando foram realizadas 40 coletas semanais. Na medida da precipitação interna foram utilizados 25 pluviômetros, distribuídos aleatoriamente em um hectare, subdividido em cem parcelas de 10 x 10 m, os escoamentos pelos troncos foram medidos em sete árvores com diâmetros à altura do peito (DAP) representativos para as árvores da área. O estudo revelou uma precipitação efetiva de 905,4 mm e precipitação interna de 885,4 mm, um escoamento pelos troncos de 20 mm e uma interceptação de 248 mm, correspondendo, a 78,5%, 76,8%, 1,7% e 21,5% da precipitação acima do dossel, que foi de 1.153,4 mm, no período de estudo, respectivamente.PalavRaS-chavE: Floresta tropical, interceptação, precipitação interna, escoamento pelo tronco. Net precipitation and interception in Caxiuanã, in the Eastern Amazonia aBSTRacTThe present work was carried out at the Ferreira Penna Scientific Station, in the Caxiuanã National Forest, Melgaço, Pará, Brazil (01º 42' 30"S; 51º 31' 45"W; 60 m a.s.l.). The studied region is an upland forest with closed vegetation and a mean canopy height of 35 m although some trees can be 50 m high. The species density is between 450 and 550 plants per hectare. The aim was to quantify the net precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and rain interception by vegetation, from March to December of 2004. For the throughfall measurements 25 rain gauges were randomly distributed in an one hectare area subdivided in one hundred parcels of 10 x 10 m, while the stemflow was measured on seven trees with a stem diameter at breast height representative of the area. The results showed values of net precipitation of 905.4 mm, throughfall of 885.4 mm, stemflow 20 mm and rain interception of 248 mm,corresponding respectively to 78.5%, 76.8%, 1.7% e 21.5% of the total precipitation above the canopy which was 1,153.4 mm for the study period.

Segregation may have profound effects when it is paired with an accumulation of inequalities. This is namely the case when ethnic and socioeconomic segregation overlap. Few studies in Europe have, however, addressed the relationship between ethnic and socioeconomic segregation in a comprehensive manner. This paper first aims at investigating the interrelation between ethnic and socioeconomic segregation in Belgium. Second it looks into the role of scale in the relationship between ethnic and socioeconomic segregation. The analyses are based on the newly available geocoded data from the 2011 Belgian census. These data were used to construct individualised neighbourhoods at nine scales with a nearestneighbours approach for the urban agglomerations of Brussels, Antwerp, and Liege. Ethnic and socioeconomic indicators calculated for these individualised neighbourhoods were then inputted in independent factor analyses for each agglomeration. The results reveal remarkably similar segregation patterns in the three cities. Our analyses give way for three main conclusions: there is an undeniable process of spatial isolation of deprived migrants in Belgium's inner cities; despite the central location of neighbourhoods with high concentration of migrants and poverty, the scope of isolation is considerably high, both in extension and in population density; and macro/national factors such as housing policies and territorial processes seem to shape the segregation patterns in Belgian cities.

Neste estudo, realizado em quatro microrregiões da Paraíba no período de 1990 a 2005, objetivou-se determinar as correlações entre as precipitações pluviais durante a safra para as culturas de cana-de-açúcar e abacaxi, nas microrregiões do Litoral e Brejo, e as correlações entre as precipitações durante o período chuvoso e as produtividades de algodão herbáceo, na microrregião do Sertão e do sisal, no Cariri/Curimataú. Os testes realizados com as equações de regressões polinomiais utilizando-se apenas a precipitação pluvial da pré-estação chuvosa ou do período chuvoso como variável independente, não foram suficientes para estimar a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar no Litoral, vez que pequenos volumes de precipitação não suprem as necessidades hídricas da cultura. A produtividade do abacaxi não mostrou correlações significativas com as precipitações pluviais nas microrregiões do Litoral e Brejo. Obtiveram-se fortes correlações entre as precipitações pluviais durante o período chuvoso e as produtividades de algodão herbáceo no Sertão paraibano e, para o sisal no Cariri/Curimataú. Com a estimativa da precipitação durante o período chuvoso poder-se-á decidir plantar, ou não, em determinada microrregião.