Basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas are non-melanoma skin cancers reported to be among the most common malignancies, being responsible for high human morbidity. Conventional chemotherapy applied to these conditions shows non-specific targeting, thus severe adverse side effects are also commonly reported. New therapeutic strategies based on nanoparticulates technology have emerged as alternatives for site specific chemotherapy. Among the different types of nanoparticulates, lipid nanoemulsions and nanoparticles have several advantages for topical delivery of poorly soluble chemotherapeutics. These particles show sustained drug release and protection of loaded drugs from chemical degradation. This technology is promising to enhance the intracellular concentration of drugs and consequently reduce the cytotoxicity of skin chemotherapy.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to cause several human pathologies. For this reason, antioxidants have gained utmost importance because of their potential as prophylactic and therapeutic agents in many diseases. Examples of their application include their use in diabetic patients, as aging drugs, in cancer diseases, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, autoimmune disorders, and also in inflammation. Antioxidants have limited absorption profiles, therefore low bioavailability and low concentrations at the target site. Efforts have been done towards loading antioxidant molecules in advanced nanoparticulate carriers, e.g., liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, self-emulsifying drug delivery system. Examples of -successful achievements include the encapsulation of drugs and other active ingredients, e.g., coenzyme Q10, vitamin E and vitamin A, resveratrol and polyphenols, curcumin, lycopene, silymarin, and superoxide dismutase. This review focuses on the comprehensive analysis of using nanoparticulate carriers for loading these molecules for oral administration.
In bone tissue engineering, synthetic scaffolds are commonly used and this should present the following requirements; (i) recapitulate the native three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical fibrous structure, (ii) possess biomimetic surface properties and (iii) demonstrate mechanical integrity. However, some methods of producing scaffolds do not achieve these requirements. The present study aims the application of a composite of poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and Hydroxyapatite (HA) produced by rotary jet spinning, which can be used to obtain scaffolds that meet the above requirements with affordable costs (regarding materials and production). The morphology and thermal properties of the scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). For the in vivo tests, 20 Wistar rats, distributed into two groups, in which critical defects were performed in cranial calotte were used. Then scaffolds of PLLA/HA were implanted and compared with the control group that didn’t receive the implant. The results have shown that in the cases where only the defects in cranial caps were performed, bone healing did not occur. In cases where the scaffolds of PLLA/HA were used, rich neovascularization was noted, accompanied by foreign body type reaction and presence of reactive bone around the implants. The evaluation of PLLA/HA scaffolds used in the rat calvarial defect model, according to the criteria surveyed was favorable, showed the implants insurance and that they are suitable materials to be used as substitutes of calvarial bone tissue in these animals.
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