Background: Leprosy, a chronic inflammatory granulomatous disease chiefly involving skin and peripheral nerves and occasionally other organ systems, caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It has tormented the human civilization through time immemorial. Leprosy remains a significant public health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries like India. The diagnosis of leprosy is not always easy because of long incubation period, over dependence of clinical expertise and a lack of rapid and simple diagnostic tool, patients remain undiagnosed for longer time. Fine needle aspiration (FNAC) technique is an inexpensive, rapid and accurate procedure for diagnosis of leprosy. We conducted a prospective study evaluating the ability of fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosing and classifying leprosy lesions on Ridley-Jopling scale (R-J scale). The aim of this prospective study was to assess the usefulness of fine needle aspiration cytology in early diagnosis of leprosy, to identify specific cytological characteristics of diagnosis and to correlate the cytological smear findings with histopathology and to evaluate merits of relatively noninvasive procedure of FNAC over more invasive procedure-biopsy. Methods: The study is a hospital based prospective study carried out in the

INTRODUCTIONCervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women and the seventh overall, with an estimated 528,000 new cases every year. Cancer cervix is the most common cancer in women in several less developed countries, and now the second most common cancer in India. Almost 70% of the global burden of cervical cancer is in areas with lower levels of development, and more than one fifth of all new cases are diagnosed in ABSTRACT Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer affecting women worldwide, the most common cancer in women in several less developed countries, and now the second most common cancer in India. Cervical cytology by papanicolaou (PAP) smear test is an effective tool for detecting abnormal cytology in early stages, thus allowing early detection and treatment. The PAP smear is extremely important for detecting premalignant and malignant conditions of cervix. The study was conducted to determine; (1) Cytomorphologic incidence of various lesions of uterine cervix; (2) Categorization of detected lesions according to Bethesda system; (3) Determination of epithelial abnormalities by cervical cytology. Methods: The settings and design of this study is a hospital based prospective study from a tertiary care centre in Central India. A total of 5813 conventional pap smear tests collected from January 2010 and December 2014 were analyzed. All patients attending outpatient department of obstetrics and gynecology for complaints of abnormal cervical discharge, dyspareunia, inter-menstrual bleeding, post-coital bleeding and lower abdominal pain were included. Various cervical pap screening camps were also done during this period. Smears were fixed and stained with hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) and papanicolaou stain were done. Results: The overall frequency of normal, inadequate, inflammatory, and abnormal smears was 11.86%, 5.73%, 74.98% and 13.2% respectively. Atypical squamous cell carcinoma of undermined significance (ASCUS) was seen in 3.61%, squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) was seen in 5.36%, low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) was seen in 2.59% while high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) was seen in 2.77%. Invasive carcinoma was seen in 3.69%. The premalignant epithelial abnormalities like ASCUS, LSIL and HSIL were found to be highest in the age group of 31-50 years in our study, which correlated well with other similar studies. Conclusions: Hence we should advocate regular cervical cytology (PAP) smear study, which can help to treat cervix lesions early before the progress into cervical cancer. Early detection is the only key to saving a woman's life as the later the abnormalities are discovered; mortality, morbidity and treatment cost all increase.

Abstract

Background: Hansen's disease still remains a significant public health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries like India. Patients suffering from Hansen's disease can remain undiagnosed for a longtime, because of long incubation period, over dependence of clinical expertise and a lack of rapid and simple diagnostic tool. Cytology is an inexpensive, rapid and accurate procedure for diagnosis of skin lesions of Hansen's disease. Aims: The aim of this prospective study was to assess the usefulness of Cytopathology in early diagnosis of Hansen's disease and to correlate the cytological smear findings with clinical and histopathological features. Methods: The study is a hospital based prospective study carried out in the

Cervical cancer is a public health problem in developing countries like India, so much so that India alone accounts for one-quarter of the worldwide burden of cervical cancers.[1] It is the one of the leading causes of cancer mortality, accounting for 17% of all cancer deaths among women aged between 30 and 69 years. Every year in India, 122,844 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 67,477 die from the disease.[2] Cervical cancer is a leading form of cancer among women living in low resource regions of the world and often kills women at young age when they are still raising families. Cervical cancer due to its slow progression from precancerous lesions to frank malignancy and easy accessibility to examination, is highly amenable to screening. The three screening modalities are Cervical Cytology Screening (Pap Smear), Visual Inspection, and HPV DNA test. Squamous intraepithelial lesions are viewed as precancerous lesions exhibiting many of the morphological characteristics of invasive carcinomas, identication of these entities is the focus of cervical screening. Persistence of high-risk HPV infection after initial infection is highly predictive of a lifetime risk of pre-invasive and invasive cervical neoplasia. The HPV genotype seems to be the most important factor in persistence, with HPV-16 and HPV-18 being the most likely to persist. The aim of this study was to evaluate concurrently the efcacy of Cervical cytology, HPV PCR methods for risk assessment in an attempt to dene the most efcient combination, so as to know which one is more applicable and accurate in cervical cancer screening strategies. The present prospective observational study was conducted in Department of Pathology, NSCB medical college and hospital, Jabalpur, M.P. from 1st February 2019 to 31st July 2020, with the primary aim of to assess cytomorphological incidence of various lesions of uterine cervix by Bethesda system and to study the biomarker HPV-DNA testing by PCR in case of abnormal cervical ndings and to correlate the ndings and results of cytology with the histopathology reports. This study had a total population of 140 women who attended the gynaecology OPD and fullled the inclusion criteria were enrolled in study. Per speculum examination was done and Pap smear examination was taken followed by colposcopy guided cervical biopsy in the symptomatic females. Out of 140 ,60 samples were tested for high HPV 16 and 18 using RTPCR. The maximum numbers of the patients were in third decade of life, followed by fourth decade. Maximum numbers of cases were reported as inammatory smear. ASCUS and HSIL was seen commonly in the age group of 31 to 40 years. Most common presenting complaint was white discharge 55.71 % .Erosive cervicitis (41.4%) was the most common histopathological nding. HPV DNAtesting showed only 6.7 % positivity. 16.67 % Of squamous intraepithelial lesions were positive for HPV and the most prevalent HPV genotype was found to be HPVtype 16. Conclusion: Pap smear evaluation and HPVtyping are most efcient combination for mass cervical screening programmes

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ABSTRACT:Computed tomography guided percutaneous transthoracic fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of thoracic lesions is a widely accepted, simple, rapid, safe and accurate diagnostic tool of relatively low cost. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of the noninvasive method of CT-guided needle aspiration cytology in the assessment of radiologically detected intra thoracic mass lesions, to analyze the results and to know the pathological spectrum of thoracic masses (both benign and malignant) along with the correlation of CT findings with cytopathological reports. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: We conducted an institution based prospective study on patients who presented with thoracic mass lesions in lungs, mediastinum, hilar lymph nodes, thoracic vertebrae, paraspinal soft tissues and pleura. Cytologic examination was performed on site after staining smears with the Hematoxylin and eosin method. It was possible to define the cytologic lineage in 94 percent of the cases and in 3 cases (5.4 percent) the material was insufficient for the cytologic diagnosis. The diagnostic accuracy of percutaneous transthoracic fine needle aspiration cytology was more than 90%.Out of 52 cases, 11 cases were non-neoplastic while 41 cases were neoplastic. Among the non-neoplastic lesions, specific diagnosis were obtained in 10 cases. The diagnostic sensitivity of malignancy was 92.5% and specificity was 100%, positive predictive value of 100 percent and negative of 80 percent. Male to female ratio was 2.9:1. Majority of cases was seen in 5 th to 6 th decade. The most common tumor was squamous cell carcinoma (44.82%) followed by adenocarcinoma (31.03%) Post procedural complications were few. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that FNAC, under computed tomography guidance, is a simple, rapid, safe, sensitive and specific technique procedure with insignificant rate of complications for the diagnosis of thoracic lesions. It can be used as a first line of investigation and also helps in deciding on appropriate management.