The apparent molar volumes and viscosities of three alkali metal chlorides, namely, lithium chloride, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride, have been determined in a 40 mass % tetrahydrofuran + water mixture at 303, 308, 313, and 318 K. The limiting apparent molar volumes (V φ o ) and slopes (S v *) have been interpreted in terms of ion-solvent and ion-ion interactions, respectively. Structure-making/-breaking capacities of various electrolytes have been inferred from the sign of (d 2 V φ o /dT 2 ), dB/dT, and the B coefficient for all electolytes studied. The viscosity data have been analyzed using the Jones-Dole equation. The results show that the three electrolytes act as structure promoters in this solvent mixture.

The densities, viscosities, and ultrasonic speeds of resorcinol in 1,4-dioxane + water mixtures and in pure 1,4-dioxane have been measured at 303.15, 313.15, and 323.15 K. Apparent molar volumes (V φ ) and viscosity B-coefficients are obtained from these data supplemented with densities and viscosities, respectively. The limiting apparent molar volumes (V 0 φ ) and experimental slopes (S * v ) derived from the Masson equation have been interpreted in terms of solute-solvent and solute-solute interactions, respectively. The viscosity data have been analyzed using the Jones-Dole equation, and the derived parameters B and A have also been interpreted in terms of solute-solvent and solute-solute interactions, respectively. The structure making/breaking capacities of resorcinol in the studied solvent systems have been discussed. The compressibilities obtained from the data supplemented with their ultrasonic speeds indicate the electrostriction of the solvent molecules around the ions.

The toxicity of any drug against normal cells is a health hazard for all humans. At present, health and disease researchers from all over the world are trying to synthesize designer drugs with diminished toxicity and side effects. The purpose of the present study is to enhance the bioavailability and biocompatibility of gemcitabine (GEM) by decreasing its toxicity and reducing deamination during drug delivery by incorporating it inside the hydrophobic cavity of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) without affecting the drug ability of the parent compound (GEM). The newly synthesized inclusion complex (IC) was characterized by different physical and spectroscopic techniques, thereby confirming the successful incorporation of the GEM molecule into the nanocage of β-CD. The molecular docking study revealed the orientation of the GEM molecule into the β-CD cavity (−5.40 kcal/mol) to be stably posed for ligand binding. Photostability studies confirmed that the inclusion of GEM using β-CD could lead to better stabilization of GEM (≥96%) for further optical and clinical applications. IC (GEM-β-CD) and GEM exhibited effective antibacterial and antiproliferative activities without being metabolized in a dose-dependent manner. The CT-DNA analysis showed sufficiently strong IC (GEM-β-CD) binding (K a = 8.1575 × 1010), and this interaction suggests that IC (GEM-β-CD) may possibly exert its biological effects by targeting nucleic acids in the host cell. The newly synthesized biologically active IC (GEM-β-CD), a derivative of GEM, has pharmaceutical development potentiality.

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