The present work focused on the synthesis and evaluation of cross-linked poly (2-methoxyethyl methacrylate-co-itaconic acid) [p(MEMA-co-IA)] microgels for controlled and extended drug delivery, in an attempt to improve the bioavailability of the drugs and to get maximum therapeutic benefits. A series of p(MEMA-co-IA) microgels were prepared by modified free-radical suspension polymerization using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linker. Characterization was performed through FTIR, TGA, DSC, XRD, DLS and SEM. pH responsiveness was evaluated by equilibrium swelling studies in phosphate buffer solutions of different pH values (pH 1.2, 4, 6.5, and 7.4) with constant ionic strength. To demonstrate the potential use of microgels for drug delivery, esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate (EMT) was loaded as model drug and in vitro dissolution studies were performed. FTIR and thermal analysis confirmed the formation of cross-linked p(MEMA-co-IA) microgels. XRD indicated dispersion of drug into the network at molecular level. SEM illustrated smooth, round and uniformly distributed microspheres. A remarkably higher swelling at higher pH values (pH 6.5 and 7.4) compared to pH 1.2 demonstrated the pH-responsive nature of the microgels. All the formulations showed pH-dependent drug release following Higuchi with non-fickian mechanism of drug diffusion. In light of the results obtained from this study, it was concluded that p(MEMA-co-IA) microgels have potential to release drug in controlled manner responsive to pH of the external environment.
ABSTRACT:In this study, a series of novel pH-sensitive copolymeric butyl acrylate-co-itaconic acid (p(BA-co-IA)) hydrogel microspheres were prepared by modified suspension polymerization of butyl acrylate and itaconic acid with the addition of 5% ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linker and 1% benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. Nifedipine, an antihypertensive drug, was successfully encapsulated into these hydrogel microspheres by the equilibrium swelling method. Prepared hydrogel micropsheres were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The chemical stability of the nifedipine after being encapsulated into prepared hydrogel microspheres was confirmed by FTIR, DSC, and XRD analysis. TGA indicates that prepared samples showed much better thermal stability than pure drug nifedipine. SEM images showed that prepared p(BA-co-IA) hydrogel microspheres are spherical in shape. The size distribution of prepared samples was found between 4.145 to 10 μm using a Malvern nanosize ZS instrument. The maximum percentage entrapment efficiency of nifedipine was found 67%, and % yield was about 72%. The maximum in vitro release studies of drug-loaded microspheres, which is 94.4% for the pH 7.4 buffer solution, demonstrated the pH sensitivity of prepared hydrogel microspheres. The cumulative drug release data were analyzed by using the Korsmeyer-Peppas equation to calculate a value of diffusion exponent (n), which follows non-Fickian diffusion. C
Novel copolymeric microgels of 2‐methoxyethyl methacrylate and itaconic acid have been proposed for pH‐responsive oral delivery of therapeutics. In vitro evaluation confirmed the potential of p(MEMA‐co‐IA) microgels to protect the drug from harsh environment of stomach and to deliver drug in response to pH of the external environment over extended period of time. In the present study, p(MEMA‐co‐IA) microgels have been evaluated for the pharmacokinetic parameters of model drug, esomeprazole in rabbits. Single‐dose noncompartmental study was conducted by oral administration of drug solution and drug‐loaded microgel. On comparison, it was found that the microgels have delayed the release of drug to about 2 hr, with decreased Cmax, prolonged tmax, increased AUC0−t, and prolonged MRT. The differences were statistically significant. In conclusion, p(MEMA‐co‐IA) microgels have potential for preferential drug delivery into higher pH environment over prolonged period of time.
Introduction: A contrast agent is a substance used to increase the contrast of structures or fluids within the body in medical imaging. Contrast agents absorb or alter external electromagnetism or ultrasound, and enhance the radio density in a target tissue or structure. Contrast agents are commonly used to improve the visibility of blood vessels and the gastrointestinal tract. Several types of contrast agent are in use in medical imaging and they can roughly be classified based on the imaging modalities where they are used and the purposes of this study to find out the frequency of adverse reactions of non-ionic iodinated contrast media in contrast enhanced Computed Tomography. Material Methods: It was cross-sectional observational study conducted on 133 patients who visited Al-Razi healthcare hospital, Lahore for a CT (computed Tomography) scan. 36 of them got adverse reactions to the non-ionic contrast media. The frequency of adverse reactions happening with the nonionic contrast usage was determinedResults: In this study, one hundred and thirty-three patients who fulfilled the criteria were included in the study. 36 of the patients had adverse reactions to the non-ionic contrast media which included shivering, fatigue, headache, nausea and rashes. All of the patients had no previous history of allergies or contrast reactions. The mean age of patients ranged from 51.49 ± 16.19years. Conclusion: In conclusion, the use of non-ionic contrast media as a CT contrast agent has a safety profile. It is concluded that a non-ionic iodinated contrast media reaction rarely results in long-term sequelae as it is less severe and easily treatable.
Although urinary incontinence is not life threatening, it is burdensome physically, mentally, emotionally and economically. During pregnancy many factors like emotional changes mechanical, hormonal and circulatory changes, musculoskeletal changes are occurring in the pregnant women and causing pelvic pain and urinary incontinence. Objective: To determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence among pregnant women. Methods: A cross sectional survey study was conducted in Jinnah Hospital and Services Hospital Lahore. All those females who were in healthy pregnancy condition were included in this study. This convenient sampling was conducted in which sample of 323 were included with estimated population of 2000 women with 95% of confidence interval and 5% margin of error. In this study statistical analysis was done by using SPSS version 16. Results: Majority of females having age groups of 20 to 24 years and 25 to 29 years had mild problems of urinary incontinence. There were 14 subjects of age group 25 to 29 years that had moderate problem of urinary incontinence. There were 3 subjects of age group 25 to 29 years that had severe problem of urinary incontinence. Urinary incontinence was common in females having 2 or 3 previous pregnancies or multiparous females. Conclusions: Hence, it is concluded that urinary incontinence is very common in pregnant females. Majority of females from age group 20 to 29 years had mild problem of urinary incontinence. Its incidence was greater in those females having 2 or 3 previous pregnancies or multiparous females
Background & Objectives: Severe traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity.Efficient management of severe traumatic brain injury demands a specialty driven focused intensive care. We developed our model of closed ICU driven by Neurosurgical Neurointensivist and the corollary to thiscommitment is a TBI patient centered Neurocritical care with the capacity and capability to deal with most of the neurological illnesses.Materials & Methods: A prospective study was conducted to find out the impact of the establishment of closed system of neurocritical care on 5 year mortality of severe TBI. Total 1288 patients met the inclusion criteria, which were enrolled. Tabulation was done for gender, age range, Glasgow outcome scale and mortality.Results: It was observed that mortality reduced from 47% to 35% over a span of five years. The most common age range was 30-40 years, which is the most productive group of any population. Bed sore incidence is always on rise in any ICU. After the implementation of SOPs based management and increase in nursing staff theincidence of bedsore also showed a detrimental pattern from 35 % to 19%.Conclusion: Neurocritical care unit is proven to be an integral part of any neurosurgical unit and this closed system of NCC unit provide best SOP based care with significant reduction in mortality of patients with STBI.
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