After a long period of research on this topic, motivating employees and retaining them is still a threatening challenge for organizations. The study aims to analyze impact of rewards and corporate social responsibility (CSR) on employee"s motivation in Pakistan. This study specifically examines the relationship between intrinsic rewards, extrinsic rewards, internal International Journal of Human Resource Studies
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections in humans, both in the community and the hospital settings. An extensive use of β-lactam antibiotics in hospitals and community has created major resistance problem leading to increased morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. Local knowledge of antimicrobial susceptibilities of these organisms is important for implementation of effective hospital anti-infective policies. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL producers along with their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern in the urinary isolates of Gram negative bacilli. The study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, Army Medical College, looking after an 1100 bedded tertiary care hospital from December 2009 to November 2010. A total of 826 clinical isolates of Gram negative bacilli were recovered from the routine clinical samples of urine from the inpatient and outpatient departments of the hospital. Three hundred and sixty four (364) ESBL producers were identified from these isolates. Escherichia coli was the most frequent ESBL producer in this group followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. Carbapenems were found to be the most effective drug followed by Amikacin and Nitrofurantoin. The high prevalence of ESBL producers in the urinary isolates in our study warrants the need for judicious use of antibiotics to control the spread of antibiotic resistance in these bacteria.
Creative thinking is essential for the progress in education, industry and life in general. Incubation is a widely studied phenomenon in creativity research, referring to leaving a problem aside for a period, to accrue performance on a creative problem. This study investigated the effect of incubation on creative problem-solving by means of a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design, and remote associates tasks (RATs) were used as a measure of creative problem-solving. For this purpose, a sample of 60 students (22 males, 38 females) was recruited from the population of a private university. They were assigned to a control condition and two different experimental conditions based on the time of onset of incubation. The data collected was analyzed for a significant effect across all conditions by means of a chi-squared test and covariates were inferred by means of Spearman's Rho, with a significance level set at ?<.05. The results did not find an incubation effect in creative problem-solving, and several possible explanations may account for this trend, especially the limited cross-cultural application of measurement tools and theoretical paradigms. The disparity is especially prominent with regards to Pakistan, which is predominantly collectivistic, and the educational system stymies creative thinking. Future research must take into account the relevance of culture in creative problem-solving, and propose solutions to circumvent the dearth of creative potential in developing nations such as Pakistan. Keywords: Incubation, Creative Problem-Solving, Creativity, Remote Associate Tasks, Cross-Cultural Psychology
Objective: To investigate the association between clinicopathological findings and tumor stage according to AJCC 2018 guidelines in patients suffering from Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: A descriptive study was conducted from January 2019 to January 2020 at King Edward Medical University and University of Health Sciences on a total of 49 patients enrolled after obtaining written informed consent. Clinical and radiographic findings were recorded. Pathological reporting was done using AJCC 2018 cancer staging guidelines. Association between clinicopathological features with tumor stage and grade was assessed using Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Mean age of the patients was 46.1 ± 10.6 years. Most of the tumors were of well differentiated type (49%) and moderately differentiated (40.8%) with predominant clinical stage III in 42.9% & IV in 44.9 % and primary tumor stage pT2 28.6% & pT3 36.7%. Significant difference was seen for primary tumor stage in relation to age, gender, depth of invasion, primary site, and size of tumor (p < 0.01). For clinical stages, significant difference was observed in the age, gender, size of tumor, nodal metastasis, and anatomical tumor site (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Application of 8th Edition AJCC guidelines identifies the importance of the latest classification with strong association of latest stage criteria with age, gender, site of primary tumor, tumor thickness, depth of invasion, nodal metastasis and size of largest lymph node involved, and Level of Lymph node involved (level III & V) in a subset of patients from a developing country. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.2.7266 How to cite this: Khan NR, Naseem N, Riaz N, Anjum R, Khalid S, Iqbal A, et al. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Clinico-pathological features in relation to Tumor Stage; AJCC 2018 perspective. Pak J Med Sci. 2023;39(2):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.2.7266 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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