Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been characterized by a metabolic disorder of multipule etiology including hyperglycemia and hyslipidemia along with disturbance in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. 1-3 DM and its associated complications are one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. Development of multidrug resistant uropathogenic strains in associated with DM is being escalated that helps to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) among diabetic patients and sensitivity of bacterial isolates against various types of antimicrobial agents. UTIs is one of the most common diseases that encounters in clinical practice today. 4 It is particularly common infection in diabetic patients that occurs in the all ages of both males and females 5 and if it is left untreated, causes considerable morbidity. 6,7UTIs are mainly originated by the bacterial species. Escherichia coli belongs to the specific serogroups of uropathogenic and is considered as frequently identified organism. Serogroups have many virulence factors that are specific for invasion of urinary epithelium. 8 E. coli is the most common cause of the uncomplicated UTI and account for about 95% of all infections. 9 E. coli is the main causative factor for the induction of UTIs in women and also increases the likelihood of persistent UTIs.DM has a number of effects on genitourinary system and has long been considered to be a predisposing factor for UTIs. A characteristic feature observed in UTIs in diabetic patients in the presence of asymptomatic bacteriuria, is more in female than in male patients. The exact reason is not clear, but may be attributed to a number of factors. These include impairment of granulocyte function, increased adherence of uropathogens to uroepithelial cells, dysfunctional bladder and increased in sugar content of urine. 10 Meiland et al. found that longer duration of DM was associated with the risk of asymptomatic bacteriuria. 11 The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria is 15 to 30% higher in diabetic than in non-diabetic women.To the best of our knowledge, limited data regarding the correlation of UTIs and their susceptibility to antibacterial agents in diabetic and non-diabetic patients is available online. The aim of present study was the assessment of UTIs and their susceptibility to various antibacterial agents among diabetic and nondiabetic agents in one of the most populated cities i.e. Lahore of Punjab province, in Pakistan. Materials and Methods Study designA cross-sectional study was carried out at one of the largest government hospital located in | Original | Article | AbstractThe study was undertaken to determine the influence of diabetes mellitus on the uropathogens and antibiotic sensitivity pattern among patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). A crosssectional study was conducted on 150 diabetic and 250 non-diabetic patients. Out of 160 uropathogenic isolates, Escherichia coli was found as a leading pathogen i.e. 46.2% followed by Candida spp. 30.6%, Streptococcus faecalis 15.6%, Pseudomon...
Liver is a major metabolic organ of the body and is known to comprise of two epithelial cell lineages, namely, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes which are known to originate from hepatoblasts during fetal developing stages. Upon acute injury, the hepatocytes and cholangiocytes undergo cellular division to compensate the loss, however, chronic damage may suppress this proliferative ability and as a consequence hepatic and extra-hepatic stem cells may contribute for liver regeneration. Facultative liver stem cells (oval cells) may emerge, proliferate and contribute in replacing damaged hepatic cells. Similarly, bone marrow and mesenchymal stem cells are also known for contributing in liver regeneration having their ability of self renewal and differentiation. However, a closer look is still required to bridge the existing knowledge gaps between functionality and limitations. Thereby, we have discussed the detailed mechanistic insights of both hepatic and extra-hepatic stem cells including, stem/progenitor cells, adult/fetal hepatocytes, oval cells, bone marrow and mesenchymal stem cells. We have also focused on few in vitro and in vivo studies elucidating therapeutic applications and challenges related to the liver stem cells. We believe that such conversations may provide invaluable contribution for realistic advancement in the state of therapeutic stem-cell transplantation.
The purpose of current study was to estimate the incidence of total aflatoxins (B1+B2+G1+G2) in unpack spices and dried fruits. A total of 90 samples included red chillies, black pepper, figs and dried apricots were picked from shops/markets situated in Lahore - Pakistan and were analyzed by using thin layer chromatography (TLC). The results showed that aflatoxin B1 was detected in 24 (26%) samples. The results obtained were ranging between 23.99-97.42 μgkg-1 in spices, 47.68-75.78 μgkg-1 in black pepper, 6.72-14.43 μgkg-1 in figs while 13.2 μgkg-1 of aflatoxin B1 was present in apricot sample. 39.28%, 18.18%, 5.0% and 40% samples of red chilli, black pepper, dried apricots and figs were found contaminated with aflatoxins respectively. Among contaminated samples 32.14% , 13.63%, 5.0% and 15% samples of red chilli, black pepper, dried apricots and figs, respectively were found contaminated with aflatoxins beyond permissible limits. Furthermore, 17.77% i.e. n=16 of the positive samples contained Aflatoxin B1 level more than the permitted limit for entire aflatoxins as lay down by regulatory authority. From the study, it was concluded that a continuous and strict national monitoring plan is needed to improve quality and safety of spices and dried fruits supply in Pakistan.
Background: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is a significant nosocomial pathogen, causing serious threats concerning community-wide outbreaks globally, as well as in Pakistan. Antimicrobial resistance in A. baumannii is increasing day by day. Objectives: The study aimed to find out the antibiotic resistance (AMR) patterns and evaluate the AMR genes in clinical isolates from patients admitted to the surgical Intensive Care units (ICUs) at different hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A total of 593 clinical specimens were collected from patients admitted to the surgical ICUs of three different local hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. From these samples, a total of 90 A. baumannii isolates were identified and further investigated to observe phenotypic resistance patterns and detect carbapenemases resistance genes. Results: The results showed that phenotypic resistance against amikacin was 27.2%, ceftriaxone 100%, ceftazidime 27.2%, cefepime 63.3%, ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole 100%, gentamicin 40%, imipenem 22.2%, meropenem 21.1%, piperacillin-tazobactam 27.2%, tigecycline 27.2%, and tetracycline 63.3%. All A. baumannii isolates were found to be sensitive to colistin (CT), polymixin-B (PB), and tobramycin (TOB). The PCR amplification of carbapenemases genes revealed the prevalence of blaOXA-23, blaOXA-51, and blaOXA-40 in 73, 90, and 64.4% of the isolates, respectively, along with blaNDM1 (92.2%), blaVIM (40%), blaIMP (90%), ISAba1 (85.5%), sul1 (16.6%), sul2 (20%), armA (32.2%), and PER-1 (12%) while the blaOXA-24 and blaOXA-58 genes were not detected in the isolates. The sequence analysis of the blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-51 genes showed 98% and 95% similarity with previously reported sequences in the GenBank database. Conclusions: The present study indicated that the emergence of high carbapenem resistance in CRAB isolates has increased, which may pose serious limitations in the choice of drugs for nosocomial infections.
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