Objective: To describe the mode of presentation and frequency of external genital anomalies in disorder of sex development (DSD) Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Children Hospital & Institute of Child Health, Lahore from January to December, 2016 on Children with DSD above 10 years of age. A detailed history and physical examination were done. Positive findings were recorded on a predesigned proforma and analyzed by SPSS 21. Karyotyping on blood samples was done to determine their genetic sex. Results: Out of 83 DSD children, 67% (n=56) were assigned a female sex at birth of which 9% (n=5) had ambiguous genitalia. Male sex at birth was given to 33% (n=27) of which 96% (n=26) had genital ambiguity. Mode of presentation other than ambiguous genitalia were delayed puberty, amenorrhea, hirsuitism, gynaecomastia, cyclic hematuria etc. Clitoromegaly was the main finding in 62.5% (n=5) and micropenis in 45% (n=9). Karyotypic sex of 56 female sex of rearing was 46XX 80% (n=45), 45X0 13% (n=7), XXX 2% (n=1) and 46 XY in 5% (n=3). Karyotypic sex of 27 male sex of rearing was 46XY in 78% (n=21), 46XX in 15% (n=4) and 47XXY in 7% (n=2). Conclusion: Disorders of sex development presented with a wide spectrum of external genital anomalies ranging from clitoromegaly in females to micropenis and hypospadias in males. There was also an extreme diversity in mode of presentation of these cases including pubertal delay, amenorrhea in females and gender confusion disorders. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.2991 How to cite this:Khan S, Tafweez R, Haider A, Yaqoob M. Spectrum of external genital anomalies in disorders of Sex Development at Children Hospital & Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(1):244-249. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.2991 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Objective: To determine the cytoplasmic fatty change of rat liver due to artificial sweeteners -aspartame and sucralose.
Folic acid is known to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects, in animal experiments however, it has not been effective in reducing the congenital anomalies caused by antiepileptics and many other chemicals. Pesticides of organophosphate group such as chlorpyrifos are widely used in agriculture and household, and are shown to be teratogenic in animal studies. This study was designed to explore the effect of folic acid on chlorpyrifos induced teratogenicity. Pregnant mice were divided into groups of 8 animals each, and were exposed to oral dose of chlorpyrifos and/or folic acid on gestation days (GD) 6 and 7 or GD 1 to 15. Fetuses were recovered on 15 th day of gestation. On morphological and morphometeric examination it was found that chlorpyrifos is teratogenic to mice fetuses in an oral dose of 100 ug/gbw when given on GD 6 and 7. It was embryo toxic and caused growth retardation and morphological anomalies of skull, body curvature, skin, limbs, eyes and ears. Folic acid in a dose of 2 ug/gbw, when given at the time of chlorpyrifos exposure (GD 6 and 7), lead to significant improvement in crown-rump (CR) length and weight of fetuses, reduction in the number of resorptions and frequency of anomalies. However the CR length and weight of fetuses given folic acid and chlorpyrifos were significantly less than the control. There was no additional benefit of giving folic acid in the same dose from GD1 to 15. Thus this study was aimed at confirming the teratogenic potential of cholorpyrifos in mice and assessing the role of folic acid in the prevention of teratogenesis induced by chlorpyrifos.
Background: Conventional teaching methodology for subject of Anatomy by use of cadaver is becoming obsolete because of unavailability of cadaver to the medical institutes. Anatomy is an important subject in basic medical sciences, thus need to be taught in depth in early year of medical curriculum. As availability of cadavers for teaching Anatomy has become extremely difficult. Aim: To evaluate students’ opinion on the use of the Anatomage 3 D virtual dissection table as an additional teaching tool to cadaver dissection in studying anatomy and understanding the relations of structures. Methods: A descriptive retrospective study was held at the department of Anatomy Azra Naheed Medical College. An electronic questionnaire was given to 2nd year MBBS students in which 6 questions regarding opinion of students who were taught through cadaveric specimen & 3D Anatomage table, regarding use of 3D Anatomage for active learning of anatomy topics. Results: Present study showed that the most of the students preferred using 3D Anatomage for learning anatomy as it enhances active learning. 80.4% responded positively in developing deeper understanding of the topic with use of Anatomage table as compared to conventional teaching. 89.5% responded positively to visualize better the anatomical features of different parts of body with the help of anatomage table. 81.7% responded positively regarding use of Anatomage table in active learning and in developing interest in subject of Anatomy. Conclusion: Students consider the use of the anatomage table, an effective teaching tool for gross anatomy, for visualizing anatomical relation of different parts of the body, for deeper understanding and active learning of Anatomical features, and in developing interest in the subject of Anatomy. Students can incorporate digital anatomy into the learning and teaching of basic medical science. The use of 3DAnatomage table gives the impression to have an important role in Medical education Keywords: Anatomage Virtual dissection table, Traditional dissection, Learning anatomy, 3D interactive anatomage table.
Objective: To investigate the outcomes of energy drink on renal tubules of albino rats. Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: King Edward Medical University, Lahore from Aug 2018 to Dec 2019. Methodology: Group A and B were experimental groups received 1.5ml/kg and 2.2ml/kg body weight of energy drink, respectively. Group C received 1ml/kg body weight of distilled water. Comparison among groups was made by applying One-Way ANOVA for quantitative variables. Tukey’ test was used for post hoc analysis. For qualitative variables, chi-square test was applied to make comparison among groups Results: The mean initial and final weight of animals was around 152.7 ± 5.3g and 171.9 ± 5.1g, respectively. The mean paired kidney weight, relative tissue weight index, length and width of kidneys for all three groups were found insignificant. Microscopic examination showed tubular vacuolization in groups A and B showing p-value of 0.027. Conclusion: Consumption of energy drinks results in histopathological injury of epithelial cells of renal tubules.
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