In this paper, two different structures based on fully and partially irregular clustered elements are presented to optimize the radiation patterns of the large arrays. In the Fully Irregular Clustered Elements (FICE) structure, all the elements of an ordinarily large linear array are divided into multiple irregular and unequal-size clusters, while in the Partially Irregular Clustered Elements (PICE) structure, only the elements those located at the edges of the ordinarily linear array are grouped into unequal-size clusters. In this structure, the central elements are left without clustering (i.e., excited individually). The PICE structure has several advantages over the FICE structure. Since the quantized amplitudes (i.e., discrete distribution) are used with the proposed clustered structures, the corresponding clustered array patterns are usually associated with the undesirable high periodic sidelobes. In order to overcome this problem, the elements in the clusters are distributed a periodically. Simulation results demonstrate the ability of the proposed two structures, FICE and PICE, to significantly reduce the high periodic sidelobe level to -35dB and -40dB respectively for an array with a number of elements N=100 and unequal-size clusters.
This paper presents, new compact and multiband frequency reconfigurable planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). The antenna is designed and optimized to cover mobile application devices like GPS, WLAN/Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 4G LTE, UWB, and satellite applications. The frequency reconfigurability is obtained by using only a single RF switch (PIN diode) for changing the operating frequency. The antenna dimensions are 45.6x39.6x1.6 mm 3 printed on an FR-4 epoxy substrate with relative dielectric constant εr = 4.3, loss tangent tan (δ) = 0.002 and 50 Ω coaxial feed line. The proposed antenna has two patches connected by a single PIN diode. The antenna introduces nine resonant frequencies under (S11 ≤ -10 dB) which are: 0.980 GHz,
In this paper presents the design and manufacture of a new broadband elliptical patch antenna with a microstrip feed line and optimum antenna parameters. The antenna dimension of (30 × 21 × 1.6) 𝑚𝑚 3 and fabricated on an FR-4 epoxy substrate having relative dielectric constant 𝜀 𝑟 =4.3, loss tangent tan (δ)=0.002 and the feed line used has characteristic impedance of 50Ω.The designed antenna has the capability of operating in the bandwidth (6. 95-30.94) GHz and the gain (6.8) dBi. The antenna performance was modified by inserting a slots in the ground plane to achieve impedance bandwidth (when S11≤-10dB) and slots to patch to improve the gain. The modified antenna was designed to be used for fifth generation (5G) mobile communication. The simulation results are obtained using CST software.
Stereo vision system used to reconstruct a 3D scene from 2D images taken by a pair of optical cameras (left and right images) and it is used to estimate the distance of the object. The modified version for the (SAD) algorithm is called the Canny Block Matching Algorithm (CBMA) to find the Disparity map, the algorithm consist of two parts the Canny edge detector and Block matching technique with Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) to determine disparity map to reduce the execution time. The system has been implemented using two cameras arranged in a manner to enhance the detection range of objects from (30cm to 4m). The results show good outputs with less error percentage, as compared with the real objects depth and the Execution time is approximated to the real-time performance. The algorithms implemented using MATLAB (8.0) technical programing language.
In this paper is presented the good solution to enhancement gain by using physical plane plate reflector with optimum distance by a reflector was used with the antenna and using a sweep parameter for the distance at which the reflector was placed at (, we found the best distance is when selected the bandwidth is 28GHz where . The gain at the bandwidth in 28GHz was improved from (5.48, 6.78, and 7.83) dB to 11.53 dB, while the gain without a reflector is 7.1 dB. The simulation results were obtained using CST which was more consistent with the practical results.
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