Abstract. The present studiy was conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of the carbamate insecticide carbofuran (Carbosan 35 ST) after experimental acute intoxication in quails (Coturnix coturnix). Experiments for monitoring of changes in clinical indices 10.5 mg/kg (experimental group IV), corresponding to 1/10 LD50, 1/5 LD50, 1/2 LD50 and LD50 oral doses for albino rats, respectively. In three consecutive days prior to the treatment (hours -48, -24 and 0) and 1, 3, 5, 7, 24 and , 2010). Having investigated accidents with wild birds in the USA, (herbicides), agents of fungal diseases (fungicides) etc. (Klaassen, Great Britain and Canada between 1985-1995, Mineau and Fletcher 2008. In modern agriculture, the use of these preparations is a (1999) established that carbamate and organophosphate limiting factor for protection of plants from pests and their use serves insecticides have induced the greatest number of intoxications -520 to increase crop yields. The wide application and toxicity of registered cases. The main cause was negligence as treated seeds pesticides are the cause for intoxications in animals and humans (wheat and corn) were not well buried in the ground and therefore (Guitart et al., 2010a). The continuous and uncontrolled pollution of were picked up by birds or they were secondarily intoxicated from soils and waters with pesticides for plant protection could have a eating earthworms contaminated with pesticides. dangerous impact by contamination of plants, some of which areIn previous studies of ours on blood enzyme activity in quails consumed by humans and another part serves for feeding livestock (Binev et al., 2014b), treated with increasing doses of the carbamate producing main foods of animal origin. That is why the use of insecticide carbofuran, reduced serum cholinesterase and elevated pesticides is a global ecotoxicological problem (Guitart et al., activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, 2010a).creatine kinase and alkaline phosphatase were established. The The largest pesticide group is that of insecticides, mainly most pronounced changes were noted in the beginning of represented by carbamates and organophosphate compounds. The intoxication (hours 1-3), followed by restoration of studied toxicokinetics of carbamate pesticides is due to altered activity of th parameters until the 24 hour. In our country, experimental studies cholinesterase, but organocarbamate compounds bind to the active on the toxic effect of carbamate compounds have been carried out site of the enzyme via reverse carbamylation (Peranantham et al., with chickens (Yotsev et al., 1997), but there are no data for the 2014).effects of carbamate insecticide carbofuran in wild birds, which are One of the most commonly used and most toxic carbamate the commonest victims of intoxications in the nature. insecticides is carbofuran (Carbosan, Furadan, Curater). ТheseThe reported data and the increasing incidence of large-scale properties of carbofuran are the cause for increased cases of intoxi...

The morphological characteristics of the rabbit adrenal glands are currently investigated using routine imaging modalities. The aim of the study was to collect and interpret major findings and information in the literature on the rabbit as an animal model for investigations in humans. The suprarenal glands of thirty-four mature, clinically healthy New Zealand rabbits were studied using anatomical, routine histology, radiology, computed tomography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging methods. The results demonstrated that the rabbit suprarenal glands are paired ellipsoid organs. The right gland was close to the right kidney, whereas the left gland was located at a distance from the left kidney. The capsule was composed of dense connective tissue. The parenchyma consisted of three zones: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate, and zona reticularis. The medulla was in the center of the glandular parenchyma. The glands’ radiological and CT features defined their position relative to the right and left kidneys. The right suprarenal gland was with normal attenuation. The left suprarenal gland was located at a distance from the left kidney. The US features of the glands demonstrated variability in darkness and contrast, revealing specific histological features. The MRI peculiarities of the glands defined them as well visible findings

A clinical case of co-infection with Trichophyton menthagrophytes and Microsporum canis in a Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaicа) is described. Clinical and laboratory mycological examinations were carried out. Two dermatophytic species were isolated from hairs, crusts and swab samples from different parts of the cage. A systemic oral therapy with itraconazole (Sporanox, Janssen) at a dose of 10 mg/kg with food was initiated and body surface was treated with 0.2% enilconazole solution (Imaverol, Janssen). The skin lesions of the tiger healed after the treatments, but recurred a month later. We recommended a thourough disinfection of the cage area inhabited by tigers and inventory in it. The therapeutic protocol was repeated. Clinical signs disappeared. Information about disease recurrence was obtained.

Abstract. Detecting new units of pathogenesis in the liver

The nutria (Myocastor coypus) belongs to the class of Mammals, Rodents order, family Myocastoridae. It leads a semiaquatic lifestyle and can be seen around rivers, lakes and marshes. Nutria is the biggest rodent in Bulgaria. It lives mainly along the rivers of southeastern Bulgaria. The animal's body is cylindrical in shape, with relatively large head and short ears. The peak of the face is blunted with clearly visible teeth, colored in bright orange. Nutrias are mostly herbivores. Their role is to spread diseases such as equine encephalomyelitis, leptospirosis, hemorrhagic septicemia (Pasteurellosis), paratyphoid and salmonellosis. The aim of the study is to examine the impact of nutria on the environment on the territory of Stara Zagora region, and some of its biological and anatomical features. In some territories of Stara Zagora were found traces of life activity of nutria, as entrances of shelters, footprints of thoracic and pelvic limbs, and feces. Nutrias have not permanent habitats. In the study we found no evidence of damage on the environment. The study showed that the result of the vital activity of nutrias is rather positive, concerning the cleaning of the water areas of vegetation. We found that the thoracic and pelvic limbs have five fingers. The difference between the volume of the nutria cranial cavity and these of the jackal and fox is provoked by the differences in the type of their food and lifestyle.

No abstract

Summary Vitamin D deficiency is fequently observed in chronic kidney disease. We conducted this study to determine the concentration of the above-mentioned parameters and the correlation between them in order to optimize therapy with vitamin D in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis. In 53 patients on hemodialysis due to ESRD, vitamin D [Calcidiol (25(OH)D], parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus, albuminuria, albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) and other parameters have been followed up. Analysis of the levels of vitamin D has been carried out by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the PTH is determined by the system Centaur XP, Siemens Diagnostic, Electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA), and for albumin in urine we used immunological method [Miltigent microalbumin assay (Abbott Laboratories Diagnostics). We found out deficiency and insufficiency of vitamin D in 56.6% and 37.7%, as well as average 4.5 times increase in the PTH, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, albuminuria (A2 or A3), over 10 times increase in the ACR, secondary hyperparathyroidism. We registered a negative correlation between vitamin D and PTH. We confirmed the increase in creatinine and cystatin C in the patients on hemodialysis. There are few literature data for patients on hemodialysis, however, regarding the extent of the vitamin deficiency and its relationship with PTH, albuminuria, calcium, phosphorus, etc. Our data have indicated that patients on hemodialysis due to ESRD are associated with high incidence of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency.