Our objectives were to assess quality parameters and chemical composition, and to evaluate the effects of sex, muscle and aging time on the quality of meats from Wagyu × Angus cross cattle reared under tropical conditions. Analyses were performed on the longissimus thoracis, semitendinosus and triceps brachii muscles obtained from chilled carcasses of a total of 30, 24-month-old, male (immunocastrated) and female animals (15 each sex). An effect of sex (P ≤ 0.05) was observed for subcutaneous fat thickness, marbling score, and ribeye area. The longissimus thoracis muscle from males was less (P < 0.0001) marbled than that from females, but males had greater subcutaneous fat thickness (P = 0.0001) and greater ribeye area (P = 0.0411) compared with females. No effect of sex (P ≥ 0.05) was observed for fat colour measures. An interaction effect of sex and muscle (P < 0.03) was detected for cooking loss, yellow intensity (b*), ash, and fat. Main effect of sex was not observed (P > 0.07) only for the ultimate pH and water-holding capacity. Greater shear force and moisture values were observed (P < 0.01) in meat from males than that from females, but a greater value of luminance (L*), red intensity (a*), chroma (C), hue (Ho), dry matter and protein was observed (P < 0.001) in meat from females than that from males. Main effect of muscle was not observed only for water-holding capacity (P = 0.13). Ultimate pH and shear force values were lesser (P < 0.001) in the longissimus thoracis muscle compared with other muscles. The triceps brachii muscle had the least (P ≤ 0.001) L* and Ho values among muscles, whereas the semitendinosus muscle had the greatest values of a* and C (P < 0.001). The semitendinosus muscle presented the greatest (P < 0.01) protein content compared with other muscles, although not differing in moisture and dry matter content from the triceps brachii muscle. An interaction effect of sex × aging time was observed for ultimate pH (P = 0.0110), meat colour parameters (except for Ho; P ≤ 0.01), and fat L* (P = 0.0025). Greater cooking loss, shear force, and fat a* values were observed (P < 0.01) in meat from males than that from females, but greater values of meat Ho, fat a* and Ho, dry matter, and protein were observed (P ≤ 0.03) in meat from females than that from males. Meat aging of longissimus thoracis reduced shear force. Based on these findings, we recommend that meat from Wagyu × Angus cross cattle should be aged during 7 days because, although differences between 7 and 14 days were observed in either aging times, meat subjected to this process is considered as very tender, based on shear force values. In addition, aging in a shorter period of time can reflect on costs by reducing particularly those related with energy, due to less refrigeration time.
This trial evaluated the effects of activated silicon dioxide on sows’ diets and its effects on piglets’ performance. Eighty PIC sows from different delivery orders (3rd, 4th, 5h, and 6h) were used. At 100 ± 1 day of gestation, females were transferred from the gestation to the maternity rooms. Before delivery, they were weighed, classified according to the order of delivery, distributed and fed with the experimental diets. Sows were distributed in a completely randomized design with 2 treatments of 40 replicates, each experimental unit being composed of 1 sow. The treatments were: T1: basal diet – corn and soybean meal based; T2: basal diet + 0.3 kg of silicon dioxide/ton. Feed intake, body weight change were evaluated. At d10 after delivery, milk from 5 sows/treatment were collected to analyze density, total solids, fat, protein, and lactose. At birth and wean, litter size and weight were determined. The data was analyzed using the TTEST procedure (Statistical Analysis System, version 9.3). When the distributional assumptions for a t-test were not met, the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test was applied to compare the difference in means between treatments using the NPAR1WAY procedure. Sows fed diets supplemented with activated silicon dioxide shown higher milk production (260 kg versus 247 kg; P = 0.09) and smaller body weight change than sows fed control diet (7.37% versus 9.33%; P = 0.003). At weaning, piglets from sows fed diets supplemented to activated silica were heavier than piglets from sows fed treatment control (7.00 kg versus 6.69 kg; P = 0.06). It was not found differences between treatments for milk quality (P > 0.05) but a numerical improvement on fat content for the group fed with activated silica (9,12 % vs 8,46%). It was concluded that under our trial conditions, the use of activated silicon dioxide-40 microns on maternal diets improves sows’ and piglets’ performance.
Objective-This study evaluated the ability of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) to bind to dentine and to inhibit soluble recombinant MMPs and bound dentine matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Methods-Dentine powder was prepared from extracted human molars. Half was left mineralized; the other half was completely demineralized. The binding of BAC to dentine powder was followed by measuring changes in the supernatant concentration using UV spectrometry. The inhibitory effects of BAC on rhMMP-2,-8 and-9 were followed using a commercially available in vitro proteolytic assay. Matrix-bound endogenous MMP-activity was evaluated in completely demineralized beams. Each beam was either dipped into BAC and then dropped into 1 mL of a complete medium (CM) or they were placed in 1 mL of CM containing BAC for 30 d. After 30 d, changes in the dry mass of the beams or in the hydroxyproline (HYP) content of hydrolyzates of the media were quantitated as indirect measures of matrix collagen hydrolysis by MMPs. Results-Demineralized dentine powder took up 10-times more BAC than did mineralized powder. Water rinsing removed about 50% of the bound BAC, while rinsing with 0.5 M NaCl removed more than 90% of the bound BAC. BAC concentrations 0.5 wt% produced 100% inhibition of soluble recombinant MMP-2,-8 or-9, and inhibited matrix-bound MMPs between 55-66% when measured as mass loss or 76-81% when measured as solubilization of collagen peptide fragments. Conclusions-BAC is effective at inhibiting both soluble recombinant MMPs and matrixbound dentine MMPs in the absence of resins.
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