A light ray, incident at about' 50 to the normal, is geometrically plotted through the drawing of the cross section of a soybean leaf using Fresnel's Equations and Snell's Law.The optical mediums of the leaf considered for ray tracing are: air, cell sap, chloroplast and cell wall. The above ray is also drawn through the same leaf cross section considering cell wall and air as the only optical mediums. The values of the reflection and transmission found from ray tracing agree closely with the experimental results obtained using a Beckman DK-2ASpe~troref1ectometer.

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Phase change materials (PCM) are being utilised world over for energy storage and temperature smoothening applications. Defence Laboratory Jodhpur (DLJ) has initiated a R&D programme to apply PCM in solving many heat related problems being faced by Indian forces during desert operations specially failure of mission-critical components. Under the programme, special organic PCM (Patent application no. 2258/DEL/2007 and low melting metal alloys have been developed well tuned to desert diurnal cycle. The PCM panels, when applied as an internal lining in buildings, structures and vehicles can moderate the extreme temperature within human tolerable range (below 40 °C) without the use of any external power for cooling. The panels can also act as power saver in air conditioned buildings. A cool vest has also been developed with chargeable PCM packs to provide comfortable microenvironment to a soldier on field duty (below 30 °C) for 2-3 hrs. To improve reliability of mission critical electronic instruments during desert operation, technology of absorptive PCM heat sinks is under development at DLJ. The special heat sink will absorb heat generated by component for critical mission (up to 1 hr) independent of environment temperature and thus ensure smooth functioning of critical components even in extreme hot conditions. In present paper status of PCM technology world over has been reviewed along with the brief account of research on PCM at DLJ.

A sample of 201 inner city dwelling children age 5.5 years was assessed on a wide variety of cognitive, performance, neuropsychological and behavioural measures. Extensive sociodemographic and family indices were also assessed. Body burden of lead was derived from a venous sample of blood. Data were analysed using both univariate and multivariate techniques. Results show that the initial correlations

The present study investigated the viability of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to extract dibenzothiophene (DBT) from model gasoline (iso-octane). Tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB)-based DES showed significant DBT extraction capability from the model fuel oil. Furthermore, the sigma profile confirmed that all TBAB-based DES had a significant capacity for DBT extraction from the model oil. The affinity order for the TBABbased DES is as follows: TBAB/TEG (tri-ethylene glycol) > TBAB/PA (propionic acid) > TBAB/EG (ethylene glycol). To achieve maximum DBT extraction, the influencing parameters were adjusted, and 89% DBT extraction was achieved using the optimum conditions of oil to DES volume ratio of 1:1, with a DBT concentration of 500 ppm, residence time of 30 min, an extraction temperature of 303 K, and extraction stirring speed of 200 rpm.