The main aim of the present investigations was to compare the pesticide load in integrated pest management (IPM) with non-IPM crops of rice fields. The harvest samples of Basmati rice grain, soil, and irrigation water, from IPM and non-IPM field trials, at villages in northern India, were analyzed using multi-pesticide residue method. The field experiments were conducted for three consecutive years (2008-2011) for the successful validation of the modules, synthesized for Basmati rice, at these locations. Residues of tricyclazole, propiconazole, hexconazole, lambda cyhalothrin, pretilachlor chlorpyrifos, DDVP, carbendazim, and imidacloprid were analyzed from two locations, Dudhli village of Dehradun, Uttrakhand and Saboli and Aterna village of Sonepat, Haryana. The pesticide residues were observed below detectable limit (BDL) (<0.001-0.05 μg/g) in all 24 samples of rice grains and soil under IPM and non-IPM trials. Residues were below detection level (<0.001-0.05 μg/L) in irrigation water samples (2008-09). Residues of tricyclazole and carbendazim, analyzed from same locations, revealed pesticide residues as BDL (<0.001-0.05 μg/g) in all 40 samples of Basmati rice grains and soil. It was also observed as BDL (<0.001-0.05 μg/L) for 12 water samples (2009-2010). The residues of tricyclazole, propioconazole, chlorpyrifos, hexaconazole, pretilachlor, and λ-cyhalothrin were also found as BDL (<0.001-0.05 μg/g) in 40 samples of Basmati rice grains and soil and 12 water samples (<0.001-0.05 μg/L) (2010-2011).
In the year 2007, a total of 200 faecal samples comprising of 100 samples each from cattle and buffaloes from different locations of Bikaner, Rajasthan were analyzed to confirm the presence of gastrointestinal parasitic infection. Twenty four (12.00%) samples were found positive for strongyle eggs. Eleven per cent cattle and 13 per cent buffaloes were found to be positive for gastrointestinal helminthosis. The prevalence in cattle varied from 9.09 to 12.50 in different locations. Prevalence range was slightly higher in buffaloes which ranged between 10.52 to 14.81. The estimation of EPG count for Strongyle species in cattle range between 200-1000, with an average of 504.00+245.41. This range was 200-1400 with an average of 684.61+350.82 in buffaloes.
Summary
Eight apparently healthy male buffalo calves of 6 to 12 months of age were drenched with amprolium*** (300 mg/kg body weight) till the development of clinical signs. Four buffalo calves of the same age group were drenched with tap water only and these served as controls. Amprolium drenched calves were allowed to die after the onset of clinical signs and control calves were euthanised after the death of amprolium fed calves. Tissues were collected for histopathological studies. Formalin fixed brain slices were examined for autofluorescence with the help of ultraviolet light at 365 nm.
Gross and histopathological changes were mainly confined to the brain in amprolium fed calves. Gross lesions included congestion and haemorrhages in the meninges. The cerebral gyri were swollen with yellowish discolouration of cerebral cortex. Microscopic changes in the brain were limited to gray matter structures of cerebral and cerebellar cortex, caudal colliculi of mid brain and thalamus. There was shrinkage of neurons, perivascular and pericellular edema, necrosis of neurons, satellitosis, glial nodule and gliosis. Blood vessel walls were thickened due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of endothelial and adventitial cells.
In the cerebellar cortex, there was degeneration of Purkinje cells. The caudal colliculi of mid brain showed bilateral malacia. In the necrotic areas, neuropils were fragmented, edematous and hypercellular due to increased number of microglial cells and there was neocapillary formation. Subcortical gray matter of the thalamus showed necrosis of neurons, gliosis with formation of glial nodule.
Formalin‐fixed brain slices of amprolium fed calves showed disseminated areas of greenish yellow autofluorescence in the cerebral cortex when viewed under ultraviolet light at 365 nm.
Louis Edouard Octave Crouzon, a French neurologist, in 1912, described the hereditary syndrome of craniofacial synostosis in a mother and son. He described the triad as skull deformities, facial anamolies and exopthalmos now known as Crouzon syndrome (CS). CS accounts for about 4.8% of all cases of craniosynostosis. We report a case of CS in 4 year old girl with characteristic features of cranial deformity, maxillary hypoplasia, cleft palate and exopthalmos.
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