Testicular cancer survivors are at statistically significantly increased risk of solid tumors for at least 35 years after treatment. Young patients may experience high levels of risk as they reach older ages. The statistically significantly increased risk of malignant mesothelioma in testicular cancer survivors has, to our knowledge, not been observed previously in a cohort of patients treated with radiotherapy.

Men who have survived for at least 1 year after being diagnosed with testicular cancer have a slightly higher risk of dying from noncancer causes, including infections, digestive diseases, and circulatory diseases, than the general population. Men treated with chemotherapy in 1975 or later may be at particularly high risk.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that children who are treated for soft tissue sarcoma (STS) are at increased risk for developing second cancers. However, the risk for specific cancer sites and variations in risk by treatment and STS histology remain unclear. METHODS The study evaluated 1499 children (age < 18 years) who survived for ≥ 1 year after they were diagnosed with STS and who were reported to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) population‐based cancer registries from 1973 to 2000. RESULTS Twenty‐seven children developed 28 subsequent primary malignancies, compared with 4.5 expected malignances based on general population rates (observed‐to‐expected [O/E] ratio = 6.3 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 4.2–9.1). The risk of developing a subsequent malignancy was increased among children with rhabdomyosarcoma (observed = 11 malignancies; O/E ratio = 7.7), fibromatous neoplasms (observed = 9 malignancies; O/E ratio = 5.8), and other specified STS (observed = 7 malignancies; O/E ratio = 6.5). Initial therapy with radiation and chemotherapeutic agents was associated with a significantly higher risk of second malignancies compared with surgery alone (O/E ratio = 15.2 vs. 1.4; P < 0.0001). Elevated risks were observed for acute myeloid leukemia, cutaneous melanoma, female breast cancer, and sarcomas of the bone and soft tissue, with generally higher risks among patients who initially received combined modality therapy. Excess cancers of the oral cavity were prominent among long‐term survivors. For several children, the pattern of multiple malignancies was consistent with a genetic syndrome, particularly neurofibromatosis type 1 and Li–Fraumeni syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The risk of second malignancies was increased for all histologic types of childhood STS and was particularly high among patients who received combined modality therapy. Cancer 2005. Published 2005 by the American Cancer Society.

Purpose NRG Oncology RTOG 1014 is a prospective phase II trial of 3D-CRT PBrI following repeat lumpectomy for in-breast recurrence following previous whole breast irradiation (WBI). The primary goal of the trial was to determine the associated toxicity, tolerance and safety of PBrI. Materials and Methods Eligibility criteria included in-breast recurrence occurring >1 year following WBI, <3cm, unifocal and resected with negative margins. PBrI was targeted to surgical cavity + 1.5 cm; prescription dose of 45 Gy in 1.5Gy BID for 30 treatments was used. The primary objective was to evaluate the rate of grade ≥3 treatment-related skin, fibrosis, and/or breast pain adverse events (AEs), occurring ≤1 year from re-treatment completion. A rate of ≥13% for these AEs in a cohort of 55 patients was determined to be unacceptable, 86% power, 1-sided α=0.07. Results Between 2010 and 2013, 65 patients were accrued and the first 55 eligible and with 1 year follow-up were analyzed. Median age is 68 years. 22 patients had DCIS and 33 invasive disease; 19 ≤1cm, 13 >1 to ≤2cm and 1 >2cm. All patients were clinically node-negative. Systemic therapy was delivered in 51%. All treatment plans underwent quality review for contouring accuracy and dosimetric compliance. All treatment plans scored acceptable for tumor volume (TV) contouring and TV dose volume analysis (DVA). Only 4 (7%) scored unacceptable for organs at risk (OAR) contouring and OAR DVA. Treatment-related skin, fibrosis, and/or breast pain AEs were recorded as grade 1 in 64%, grade 2 in 7% with only 1 (<2%) grade ≥3 and identified as grade 3 fibrosis of deep connective tissue. Conclusion PBrI with 3D-CRT following second lumpectomy for patients experiencing in-breast failures after WBI is safe and feasible with acceptable treatment quality achieved. Skin, fibrosis and breast pain toxicity was acceptable and grade 3 toxicity was rare.

Purpose-To evaluate inter-and intra-fraction esophageal motion in the right-left (RL) and anterior-posterior (AP) directions using computed tomography (CT) in esophageal cancer patients.Methods and Materials-Eight patients underwent CT simulation and CT-on-rails imaging before and after radiotherapy. Inter-fraction displacement was defined as differences between pretreatment and simulation images. Intra-fraction displacement was defined as differences between pre-and post-treatment images. Images were fused using bone registries, adjusted to the carina. The mean, average of the absolute, and range of esophageal motion were calculated in RL and AP directions, above and below the carina.Results-Thirty-one CT image sets were obtained. The incidence of esophageal inter-fraction motion ≥5 was 24% and ≥10 mm was 3%; intra-fraction motion ≥ 5mm was 13% and ≥10 mm was 4%. The average RL motion was 1.8±5.1 mm, favoring leftward movement, and the average AP motion was 0.6±4.8 mm, favoring posterior movement. Average absolute motion was 4.2 mm or less in RL and AP directions. Motion was greatest in the RL direction above the carina. Coverage of 95% of esophageal mobility requires 12mm left, 8mm right, 10mm posterior, and 9mm anterior margins.Conclusion-In all directions, the average of the absolute inter-fraction and intra-fraction displacement was 4.2 mm or less. These results support a 12 mm left, 8 mm right, 10 mm posterior, and 9 mm anterior margin for ITV and can guide margins for future IMRT trials to account for organ motion and set up error in 3-dimesional planning.

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Purpose Large breast size presents special problems during radiation simulation, planning and patient treatment, including increased skin toxicity, in women undergoing breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy (BCT). We report our experience using a bra during radiation in large-breasted women and its effect on acute toxicity and heart and lung dosimetry. Materials and methods From 2001 to 2006, 246 consecutive large-breasted women (bra size ≥ 38 and/or ≥ D cup) were treated with BCT using either 3D conformal (3D-CRT) or Intensity Modulated Radiation (IMRT). In 58 cases, at the physicians’ discretion, a custom-fit bra was used during simulation and treatment. Endpoints were acute radiation dermatitis, and dosimetric comparison of heart and lung volumes in a subgroup of 12 left-sided breast cancer patients planned with and without a bra. Results The majority of acute skin toxicities were grade 2 and were experienced by 90% of patients in a bra compared to 70% of patients not in a bra (p=0.003). On multivariate analysis significant predictors of grade 2/3 skin toxicity included 3D-CRT instead of IMRT (OR=3.9, 95% CI:1.8-8.5) and the use of a bra (OR=5.5, 95% CI:1.6-18.8). For left-sided patients, use of a bra was associated with a volume of heart in the treatment fields decreased by 63.4% (p=0.002), a volume of left lung decreased by 18.5% (p=0.25), and chest wall separation decreased by a mean of 1 cm (p=0.03). Conclusions The use of a bra to augment breast shape and position in large-breasted women is an alternative to prone positioning and associated with reduced chest wall separation and reduced heart volume within the treatment field.

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