THE IMPACT OF ENDEMIC ECOTOURISM PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT BASED ON TANGKOKO NATURE RESERVE OF BITUNG. Tangkoko National Reserve is one of the nature reserves located in Bitung regency of North Sulawesi. The reserve covers an area of 8,745 hectares. There is abundant biodiversity such as various types of protected flora and fauna can be found in the reserve. Among them there are endemic wildlifes such as Sulawesi Macaque (Macaca nigra), Tarsiers (Tarsius spectrum), the Sulawesi bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinus), and Hornbill (Rhyticeros cassidix). Here is where the tourists can enjoy the beauty of the reserve or seen firsthand the wealthy of nature in such a protected forest, where the forest has potential as anecotourism spot. Tourism industry has an important role in the development efforts and the development of the region where the tourism spot located.Even in some areas show that tourism industry is able to develop the region as well as create a main income source. The present study was conducted to elaborate the impacts of endemic ecotourism program development basedon the development of Tangkoko nature reserve of Bitung. The study was conducted from November 2016 to January 2017. The ellaboration of the study was focused on the impact of ecotourism developmentonthe existing endemic Sulawesi Black Monkeys and Tarsiers. Survey method was employed to collect and analyze various data and information on endemic fauna of Sulawesi Black Monkeys and Tarsiers. The primary data was obtained through direct interviews with various communities around nature reserve area, and secondary data was obtained from related government sources in Bitung regency.Variables observed were:1) vegetation, 2) the existing wildlife conditions, 3) community income, and 4) the income of the region of Bitung regency.Based on results and discussion, it can be concluded that ecotourism is the best program to be implemented as it could give positive impact towards conservation efforts,increase community's income, and regional income.Keywords: Tangkoko reserve, Ecotourism, Endemic Fauna.
OBSERVATION OF ANOA (Bubalus depressicornis) ESTRUS CYCLE IN ANOA BREEDING CENTRE OF MANADO . Anoa is endemic to the island of Sulawesi and the biggest wild animal among fauna in Sulawesi. This anoa population is decreasing, so that the population needs sustainable conservation involving good reproduction management. The strategy of the reproduction management was knowledge of this animal reproduction cycles including estrus cycles of anoa at the Anoa Breeding Centre Manado. Objective of this study was to evaluate estrus cycles of anoa. Materials used in this study were four heads of female anoa at ages of 2.5, 6,5, 7 and 8 years old. Data were collected by focal animal sampling on each female anoa (Manis, Denok, Anna and Rita). Estrus detection was applied using non-automatically estrus detection method. Estrus observation was conducted daily at 06.00-18.00 Indonesian central time. Estrus anoa was detected on the basis of the visual estrus symptom (VES) and readiness of female anoa receiving the female to copulate. Rectal temperature was measured daily in the morning and afternoon using thermometer. Results showed that based on observation of VES revealed the estrus symptom including nervous, urination, shaking tail, reddish vulva, swelling vulva and transparent mucus from vulva, coming near male anoa, smelling the male genital, attempting to mount another anoa, being mounted by anotherand stands to be mounted by one of her herdmates. Estrus time period was a day with estrus cycles of 26 days (Manis), 30 days (Denok). Average of rectal temperatures was 41.7o C. It can be concluded that estrus cycles of anoa at Anoa Breeding Centre Manado was ranging from 26-30 days with estrus period was one day. Key words: anoa, estrus cycles, estrus symptom.
DENSITY POPULATION ESTIMATION OF BEAR CUSCUS (Ailurops ursinus) In TANGKOKO BATUANGUS NATURE RESERVE BITUNG CITY. The purpose of this study to determine the number of Bear cuscus density estimation (A.ursinus) in Tangkoko Nature Reserve in wildlife conservation programe. This study conducted in Tangkoko Nature Reserve Batuangus for 3 months from 1st August through 31st October 2015. The variable of this study are about: density population, estimation of density population, and vegetation, by using observation methods and Line Transect Animal Sampling Technique (NRC, 1981). This study use four transects, that consist of : A = 1736m, B = 1724m, C = 1620m, D = 1620m and the spread of observation area in each lines is about 100m. The results showed, there has been increase the density population of Bear cuscus in Tangkoko about 213.85% compared with the results of previous studies which totaled 53.13/km2 became 166.75/km2. Bear cuscus population estimation (A. ursinus) in Tangkoko Nature Reserve is increased to 213.85% or forecasts twice a few years earlier. Increasing population density Bear cuscus in Tangkoko Nature Reserve is because the carrying capacity of the habitat has improved and stabel and because of the socialization of management konservation (habitat, wild animal/fauna endemik) has been done in some likes research, training, dissemination to the public and the outreach community by WCS, field courses, WWF, Macacanigra Project, etc. and Local organizations in the field of conservation (nature lovers, your community, etc.). Keywords: Density, Population, Bear Cuscus (A. ursinus)
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