Perylene diimide with ammonium oxide as a terminal group (named PDIN-O) is a well-known cathode interlayer in conventional-type organic solar cells (OSCs). Since naphthalene diimide exhibits a lower LUMO level than perylene diimide, we chose it as a core to further control the LUMO level of the materials. Small molecules (SMs) produce a beneficial interfacial dipole by the end of ionic functionality at the side chain of naphthalene diimide. With the active layer based on a nonfullerene acceptor (PM6:Y6BO), the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is enhanced by utilizing SMs as cathode interlayers. We discovered that the inverted-type OSC with naphthalene diimide with oxide as a counteranion (NDIN-O) shows poor thermal stability, which can cause irreversible damage to the interlayer−cathode contact, leading to poor PCE (11.1%). To overcome the disadvantage, we introduce NDIN-Br and NDIN-I with a higher decomposition temperature. An excellent PCE of 14.6% was achieved with the device based on NDIN-Br as an interlayer, which is almost the same as the PCE of the ZnO-based device (15.0%). The device based on NDIN-I without the ZnO layer exhibits an improved PCE of 15.4%, which is slightly higher than the ZnO-based device. The result offers a replacement of the ZnO interlayer, which is necessary to carefully manage the sol−gel transition by annealing temperatures as high as 200 °C and leading to low-cost manufacture of OSCs.

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Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has bioactive components such as shogaol and zingerone which are able to mediate cardiac contractions, are antioxidant, antiproliferative and apoptosis. To increase the economic value, it is necessary to develop a process of extracting ginger active compounds through subcritical water. The superiority of hydrothermal extraction by using water is easy to get, cheap, abundant availability, high purity, non-toxic and easy to handle. This study aims to obtain data on the mass transfer coefficient of the extraction process of ginger bioactive compounds such as shogaol through subcritical water. These data are very much needed in the design and scale-up of the extractor tool. The results of the study show that hydrothermal extraction using subcritical water can increase the content of Shogaol compounds, compared to conventional extraction processes such as soxhletation, percolation, supercritical fluid extraction, microwave extraction, and ultrasonic extraction. Mass transfer coefficient (Kla) in the model mass transfer extraction of shogaol, ginger using subcritical water respectively 3,7503 s−1, 3,6912 s-1, 0.31435 s-1.

Waste treatment in the industry produce sludge from the settling of solid material as a by product of the treatment process. The resulting sludge can’t be thrown away in large quantities because it can cause problems if there is still water content in it especially for industrial centers located around residential areas. So that filtration is carried out on the sludge from the Sedimentation Tub at the WWTP know in the area of Lamper, Semarang with the aim of reducing the volume of sludge by separating the water from the sludge before being discharged. The results of the analysis of the sludge filtration in the Settling Basin at WWTP obtained the value of cake resistance at a pressure of 75 kg / m2 of 4.42E + 11 m/kg, at a pressure of 90 kg/m2 of 5.62E + 11 m/kg and at a pressure of 104 kg/m2 of 6.74E + 11 m/kg. The results of the analysis on the resistance value of the filter medium obtained a value of 1.59E+12m-1 at a pressure of 75 kg/m2, 1.23E+12 m-1 at a pressure of 90 kg/m2 and 1.61E+12 m-1 at a pressure of 104 kg/m2. While in the analysis of water content, at a pressure of 75 kg/m2 obtained a value of 35.437%, at a pressure of 90 kg/m2 obtained a value of 35.024%, and at a pressure of 104 kg/m2 obtained a value of 34.024%. Efficiency The optimal pressure is 104 kg/m2.

Riset ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan skema proses evaporasi untuk analisa kadar vitamin C. Target yang ingin dicapai berupa optimisasi parameter proses. Kajian dilakukan pada berbagai variabel,meliputi suhu (40 - 60 ºC), konsentrasi (20 – 40 g/L), dan waktu (60 – 90 menit. Sedangkan variabel bergantungnya adalah viskositas, moisture content, dan kadar vitamin C. Penentuan variabel yang berpengaruh dapat menggunakan central composite rotatotional design (CCRD). Percobaan menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum pengaruh variabel evaporasi terhadap kadar vitamin C, diperoleh saat nilai kadar vitamin C lebih dari 0,00014 % dengan konsentrasi 34 – 36 g/L pada suhu 56 – 58 ◦C selama 80 – 90 menit. Kata kunci: evaporasi, nanas, vitamin C

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