with the large-scale applications of electric vehicles and stationary energy storage systems, the global battery market has grown explosively in recent years, and the whole shipment volume is expected to step from the era of GWh into TWh in the next few years. [2] Considering that most rechargeable batteries rely on critical mineral commodities such as lead, cobalt, and nickel, however, there are tremendous problems that limit their sustainable development, including environmental pollution and health implications for people living with artisanal mining, as well as the anticipated rising prices of rare minerals. [3] Beyond that, the production of electrode materials usually involves smelting and hightemperature sintering, which feature high energy consumption and low efficiency. [4] To achieve sustainable development of the battery technologies, it is vital to replace the traditional Pb/Co/Ni redox centres in the electrodes with low-cost, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly elements, such as iron, to replace the traditional Pb/Co/Ni redox centres in the electrode. [5] Meanwhile, developing more cost-efficient electrode manufacturing processes, such as solution phase synthesis, is of equal importance.To reach a closed-loop material system and meet the urgent requirement of sustainable energy storage technologies, it is essential to incorporate efficient waste management into designing new energy storage materials. Here, a "two birds with one stone" strategy to transform rusty iron products into Prussian blue as high-performance cathode materials, and recover the rusty iron products to their original status, is reported. Owing to the high crystalline and Na + content, the rusty iron derived Prussian blue shows a high specific capacity of 145 mAh g −1 and excellent cycling stability over 3500 cycles. Through the in situ X-ray diffraction and in situ Raman spectra, it is found that the impressive ion storage capability and stability are strongly related to the suppressed structure distortion during the charge/discharge process. The ion migration mechanism and the possibility to serve as a universal host for other kinds of ions are further illuminated by density functional theory calculations. This work provides a new strategy for recycling wasted materials into high value-added materials for sustainable battery systems, and is adaptable in the nanomedicine, catalysis, sensors, and gas storage applications.
. (2015). Ball-milled FeP/graphite as a low-cost anode material for the sodium-ion battery. RSC Advances: an international journal to further the chemical sciences, 5 (98), 80536-80541.Ball-milled FeP/graphite as a low-cost anode material for the sodium-ion battery AbstractPhosphorus is a promising anode material for sodium batteries with a theoretical capacity of 2596 mA h g -1 .However, phosphorus has a low electrical conductivity of 1 x 10 -14 S cm -1 , which results in poor cycling and rate performances. Even if it is alloyed with conductive Fe, it still delivers a poor electrochemical performance. In this article, a FeP/graphite composite has been synthesized using a simple, cheap, and productive method of low energy ball-milling, which is an efficient way to improve the electrical conductivity of the FeP compound. The cycling performance was improved significantly, and when the current density increased to 500 mA g -1 , the FeP/graphite composite could still deliver 134 mA h g -1 , which was more than twice the capacity of the FeP compound alone. Our results suggest that by using a low-energy ball-milling method, a promising FeP/graphite anode material can be synthesized for the sodium battery. However, phosphorus has a low electrical conductivity of 1 Â 10 À14 S cm À1 , which results in poor cycling and rate performances. Even if it is alloyed with conductive Fe, it still delivers a poor electrochemical performance. In this article, a FeP/graphite composite has been synthesized using a simple, cheap, and productive method of low energy ball-milling, which is an efficient way to improve the electrical conductivity of the FeP compound. The cycling performance was improved significantly, and when the current density increased to 500 mA g À1, the FeP/graphite composite could still deliver 134 mA h g À1, which was more than twice the capacity of the FeP compound alone. Our results suggest that by using a low-energy ball-milling method, a promising FeP/graphite anode material can be synthesized for the sodium battery.
In the past several years, rechargeable zinc batteries, featuring the merits of low cost, environmental friendliness, easy manufacture, and enhanced safety, have attracted much attention. Zinc (Zn) anodes for zinc...
This work reports influence of two different electrolytes, carbonate ester and ether electrolytes, on the sulfur redox reactions in room-temperature Na–S batteries. Two sulfur cathodes with different S loading ratio and status are investigated. A sulfur-rich composite with most sulfur dispersed on the surface of a carbon host can realize a high loading ratio (72% S). In contrast, a confined sulfur sample can encapsulate S into the pores of the carbon host with a low loading ratio (44% S). In carbonate ester electrolyte, only the sulfur trapped in porous structures is active via ‘solid–solid’ behavior during cycling. The S cathode with high surface sulfur shows poor reversible capacity because of the severe side reactions between the surface polysulfides and the carbonate ester solvents. To improve the capacity of the sulfur-rich cathode, ether electrolyte with NaNO3 additive is explored to realize a ‘solid–liquid’ sulfur redox process and confine the shuttle effect of the dissolved polysulfides. As a result, the sulfur-rich cathode achieved high reversible capacity (483 mAh g−1), corresponding to a specific energy of 362 Wh kg−1 after 200 cycles, shedding light on the use of ether electrolyte for high-loading sulfur cathode.
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