Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs)
of superior ionic conductivity,
long-term cycling stability, and good interface compatibility are
regarded as promising candidates to enable the practical applications
of solid lithium metal batteries (SLMBs). Here, a mixed-matrix SPE
(MMSE) with incorporated metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and
ionic liquid is prepared. The dissociation of Li salt in MMSE can
be promoted effectively due to the introduction of MOF via the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, density
functional theory calculation, and molecular dynamics simulation.
The as-formed MMSE exhibits an ultralow thickness of 20 μm with
a satisfactory ionic conductivity and lithium-ion transference number
(1.1 mS cm–1 at 30 °C, 0.72). The optimized
SLMBs with high-voltage LiMn0.75Fe0.25PO4 (LMFP) exhibit an excellent cyclability at 4.2 V under room
temperature. Moreover, Li/MMSE/LiFePO4 cells have desirable
cycle performance from −20 to 100 °C, and their capacity
remains 143.3 mA h g–1 after being cycled 300 times
at 10 C at 100 °C. The Li/LiFePO4 pouch cells also
show excellent safety under extreme conditions. The Li symmetric cells
can work steadily even at a supreme current density of 4 mA cm–2 at 100 °C. From the above analysis, these MMSEs
present new opportunities for the development of SLMBs with good electrochemical
properties.
Available literature data on five typical groups of emerging contaminants (EMCs), i.e., chlorinated paraffins (CPs), dechlorane plus and related compounds (DPs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), phthalate esters, and pyrethroids, accumulated between 2003 and 2013 were assimilated. Research efforts were categorized by environmental compartments and countries, so that global trends of research on EMCs and data gaps can be identified. The number of articles on the target EMCs ranged from 126 to 1,379 between 2003 and 2013. The numbers of articles on CPs, DPs, HBCDs, and pyrethroids largely followed the sequence of biota > sediment ≥ air > water ≥ soil > human tissue, whereas the sequence for phthalate esters was water > sediment > soil > human tissue ≥ biota ≥ air. Comprehensive studies on the target EMCs in biological samples and human tissues have been conducted worldwide. However, investigations into the occurrence of the target EMCs in soil of background areas and water are still scarce. Finally, developed and moderately developed countries, such as the USA, China, Canada, Japan, and Germany, were the main contributors to the global research efforts on EMCs, suggesting that economic prosperity may be one of the main factors propelling scientific research on EMCs.
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